scholarly journals Assessing stimulus–stimulus (semantic) conflict in the Stroop task using saccadic two-to-one color response mapping and preresponse pupillary measures

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 2601-2610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Hasshim ◽  
Benjamin A. Parris
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Response Mapping ◽  
Semantic Conflict ◽  
Color Response

Semantic Conflict Processing in the Color-Word Stroop and the Emotional Stroop

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montserrat Zurrón ◽  
Marta Ramos-Goicoa ◽  
Fernando Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Emotional Stroop ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Incongruent Color ◽  
Semantic Conflict ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Temporal Locus

With the aim of establishing the temporal locus of the semantic conflict in color-word Stroop and emotional Stroop phenomena, we analyzed the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) elicited by nonwords, incongruent and congruent color words, colored words with positive and negative emotional valence, and colored words with neutral valence. The incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral stimuli produced interference in the behavioral response to the color of the stimuli. The P150/N170 amplitude was sensitive to the semantic equivalence of both dimensions of the congruent color words. The P3b amplitude was smaller in response to incongruent color words and to positive, negative, and neutral colored words than in response to the congruent color words and colored nonwords. There were no differences in the ERPs induced in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence. Therefore, the P3b amplitude was sensitive to interference from the semantic content of the incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral words in the color-response task, independently of the emotional content of the colored words. In addition, the P3b amplitude was smaller in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence than in response to the incongruent color words. Overall, these data indicate that the temporal locus of the semantic conflict generated by the incongruent color words (in the color-word Stroop task) and by colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence (in the emotional Stroop task) appears to occur in the range 300–450 ms post-stimulus.

Examining the Time Course of Prime Effects on Stroop Processing

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 675-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Koch ◽  
James M. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Word Stimulus ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Color Response ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Over Time

This study was conducted to assess the effect of priming on the Stroop task over time. Color-congruent, color-incongruent, and neutral stimuli were randomly presented. Five prime conditions were also used. The prime conditions included valid color, invalid color, valid word, and invalid word primes and no prime. Primes were presented to 8 subjects at varying stimulus onset asynchronies ranging from −200 msec., i.e., 200 msec. before the color-word stimulus, to 200 msec., i.e., 200 msec. after the color-word stimulus. Analysis suggested the facilitory or inhibitory effects of semantic information on the Stroop task are reduced when the prime follows the color-word stimulus by 200 msec. This implies 200 msec. are needed to make the proper color response. A model is proposed to account for the findings. Methodological considerations for studies using priming and the Stroop task are also discussed.

scholarly journals The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Parris ◽  
Nabil Hasshim ◽  
Michael Wadsley ◽  
Maria Augustinova ◽  
Ludovic Ferrand
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Task Conflict ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
Semantic Conflict ◽  
Informational Conflict ◽  
Response Modes ◽  
Irrelevant Word ◽  
Stroop Effects

AbstractDespite instructions to ignore the irrelevant word in the Stroop task, it robustly influences the time it takes to identify the color, leading to performance decrements (interference) or enhancements (facilitation). The present review addresses two questions: (1) What levels of processing contribute to Stroop effects; and (2) Where does attentional selection occur? The methods that are used in the Stroop literature to measure the candidate varieties of interference and facilitation are critically evaluated and the processing levels that contribute to Stroop effects are discussed. It is concluded that the literature does not provide clear evidence for a distinction between conflicting and facilitating representations at phonological, semantic and response levels (together referred to as informational conflict), because the methods do not currently permit their isolated measurement. In contrast, it is argued that the evidence for task conflict as being distinct from informational conflict is strong and, thus, that there are at least two loci of attentional selection in the Stroop task. Evidence suggests that task conflict occurs earlier, has a different developmental trajectory and is independently controlled which supports the notion of a separate mechanism of attentional selection. The modifying effects of response modes and evidence for Stroop effects at the level of response execution are also discussed. It is argued that multiple studies claiming to have distinguished response and semantic conflict have not done so unambiguously and that models of Stroop task performance need to be modified to more effectively account for the loci of Stroop effects.

Is There Semantic Conflict in the Stroop Task?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Burca ◽  
Virginie Beaucousin ◽  
Pierre Chausse ◽  
Ludovic Ferrand ◽  
Benjamin A. Parris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Stroop Interference ◽  
Single Letter ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Competition Models ◽  
Semantic Conflict ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
First Time

Abstract. This research addressed current controversies concerning the contribution of semantic conflict to the Stroop interference effect and its reduction by a single-letter coloring and cueing procedure. On the first issue, it provides, for the first time, unambiguous evidence for a contribution of semantic conflict to the (overall) Stroop interference effect. The reported data remained inconclusive on the second issue, despite being collected in a considerable sample and analyzed with both classical (frequentist) and Bayesian inferential approaches. Given that in all past Stroop studies, semantic conflict was possibly confounded with either response conflict (e.g., when semantic-associative items [ SKYblue] are used to induce semantic conflict) or with facilitation (when color-congruent items [ BLUEblue] are used as baseline to derive a magnitude for semantic conflict), its genuine contribution to the Stroop interference effect is the most critical result reported in the present study. Indeed, it leaves no doubt – in complete contrast to dominant single-stage response competition models (e.g., Roelofs, 2003 ) – that selection occurs at the semantic level in the Stroop task. The immediate implications for the composite (as opposed to unitary) nature of the Stroop interference effect and other still unresolved issues in the Stroop literature are outlined further.

scholarly journals An fMRI Study of Response and Semantic Conflict in the Stroop Task

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Parris ◽  
Michael G. Wadsley ◽  
Nabil Hasshim ◽  
Abdelmalek Benattayallah ◽  
Maria Augustinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Semantic Conflict

Implicit stereotyping and prejudice and the primed Stroop task

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Kawakami ◽  
Kenneth L. Dion ◽  
John F. Dovidio
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Black Stereotypes ◽  
Implicit Prejudice ◽  
Implicit Stereotyping ◽  
Naming Latencies

In the present study, automatic stereotype activation related to racial categories was examined utilizing a primed Stroop task. The speed of participants' ink-color naming of stereotypic and nonstereotypic target words following Black and White category primes were compared: slower naming times are presumed to reflect interference from automatic activation. The results provide support for automatic activation of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. With respect to prejudice, naming latencies tended to be slower for positive words following White than Black primes and slower for negative words following Black than White primes. With regard to stereotypes, participants demonstrated slower naming latencies for Black stereotypes, primarily those that were negatively valenced, following Black than White category primes. These findings provide further evidence of the automatic activation of stereotypes and prejudice that occurs without intention.

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