scholarly journals Different effects of spatial separation in action and perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Schäfer ◽  
Christian Frings
Keyword(s):  
Flanker Task ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Spatial Task ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Common Coding ◽  
Action And Perception ◽  
Stimulus Distance ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Response Distance ◽  
A Performance

AbstractSpatial distance of response keys has been shown to have an effect on nonspatial tasks in that performance improved if the spatial distance increased. Comparably, spatial distance of stimulus features has been shown to have a performance-improving effect in a (partly) spatial task. Here, we combined these two findings in the same task to test for the commonality of the effect of stimulus distance and the effect of response distance. Thus, we varied spatial distance in exactly the same fashion either between stimuli or between responses in a standard Eriksen flanker task. The results show that spatial distance only affected the processing of stimulus features, while it had no effect on the processing of response features. Regarding the idea of common coding of action and perception (Prinz, 1990), stimulus and response processing should be influenced by spatial distance in the same way so that our data might suggest a boundary for the idea of common coding.

4. Listening in time

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis
Keyword(s):  
Memory Systems ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Action And Perception ◽  
Perceptual Systems ◽  
Predictive Mechanisms ◽  
A Performance

Music unfolds dynamically, note by note, moment by moment. A performance cannot be taken in all at once; listeners must orient to each passing musical moment using memory systems to reconstruct events that have passed, perceptual systems to take in events that are presently sounding, and predictive mechanisms to anticipate what might happen next. All of these systems affect the experience of when individual events occur and the capacity of successive whens to cohere into distinct temporal perceptions, such as a beat, a rhythm, a beginning, or an ending. “Listening in time” considers the perception of meter and rhythm, the temporal emergence of melody and voices, and action and perception in music listening.

Processing of nonegocentric spatial distance and social distance in a flanker task

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (19) ◽  
pp. 2282-2286
Author(s):  
Xiaoang Wan ◽  
Kyoung-Hwan Seoul ◽  
Yang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Spatial Distance

scholarly journals The Cognitive Basis for The Split-attention Effect

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Pouw ◽  
Gertjan Rop ◽  
Bjorn de Koning ◽  
Fred Paas
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Attention Effect ◽  
Split Attention

The split-attention effect entails that learning from spatially separated, but mutually referring information sources (e.g., text and picture) is less effective than learning from the equivalent spatially integrated sources. According to cognitive load theory, impaired learning is caused by the working memory load imposed by the need to distribute attention between the information sources and mentally integrate them. In this study, we directly tested whether the split-attention effect is caused by spatial separation per se. Spatial distance was varied in basic cognitive tasks involving pictures (Experiment 1) and text-picture combinations (Experiment 2; pre-registered study), and in more ecologically valid learning materials (Experiment 3). Experiment 1 showed that having to integrate two pictorial stimuli at greater distances diminished performance on a secondary visual working memory task, but did not lead to slower integration. When participants had to integrate a picture and written text in Experiment 2, a greater distance led to slower integration of the stimuli, but not to diminished performance on the secondary task. Experiment 3 showed that presenting spatially separated (compared to integrated) textual and pictorial information yielded fewer integrative eye movements, but this was not further exacerbated when increasing spatial distance even further. This effect on learning processes did not lead to differences in learning outcomes between conditions. In conclusion, we provide evidence that larger distances between spatially separated information sources influence learning processes, but that spatial separation on its own is not likely to be the only, nor a sufficient, condition for impacting learning outcomes.

scholarly journals Parsing the Flanker task to reveal behavioral and oscillatory correlates of unattended conflict interference

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Brunetti ◽  
Filippo Zappasodi ◽  
Pierpaolo Croce ◽  
Rosalia Di Matteo
Keyword(s):  
Response Selection ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Intrinsic Nature ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Stimulus Identification

Abstract Stimulus-Response conflict is generated by an overlap between stimulus and response dimensions, but the intrinsic nature of this interaction is not yet deeply clarified. In this study, using a modified Eriksen flanker task, we have investigated how flankers have to be incongruent to target in order to produce an interference and whether and how this interference interacts with the one produced by Stimulus features overlap. To these aims, an Eriksen-like task employing oriented hands\arrows has been designed to distinguish between two types of Stimulus-Response (S-R) interferences: one derived by a short-term association and one based on automatic processes. Stimulus-Stimulus (S-S) conflict has been also included in the same factorial design. Behavioral, Event Related Potential (ERP) and oscillatory activity data have been measured. Results revealed distinct S-S and automatic S-R effects on behavioral performance. ERP and Theta band power modulation results suggested an early frontal S-S conflict processing followed by a posterior simultaneous S-S and automatic S-R conflict processing. These findings provide evidence that, in presence of different conflicts, the sequence of stimulus identification and response selection could not move forward in a linear serial direction, but it may involve further effort, mirrored in posterior late components and response time prolongation.

scholarly journals The Moran coalescent in a discrete one-dimensional spatial model

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Shpak ◽  
Jie Lu ◽  
Jeffrey P. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Model ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Population Bottlenecks ◽  
Spatial Direction ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Moran Model ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Recursive System

AbstractAmong many organisms, offspring are constrained to occur at sites adjacent to their parents. This applies to plants and animals with limited dispersal ability, to colonies of microbes in biofilms, and to other genetically heterogeneous aggregates of cells, such as cancerous tumors. The spatial structure of such populations leads to greater relatedness among proximate individuals while increasing the genetic divergence between distant individuals. In this study, we analyze a Moran coa-lescent in a one-dimensional spatial model where a randomly selected individual dies and is replaced by the progeny of an adjacent neighbor in every generation. We derive a recursive system of equations using the spatial distance among haplotypes as a state variable to compute coalescent probabilities and coalescent times. The coalescent probabilities near the branch termini are smaller than in the unstructured Moran model (except fort= 1, where they are equal), corresponding to longer branch lengths and greater expected pairwise coalescent times. The lower terminal coalescent probabilities result from a spatial separation of lineages, i.e. a coalescent event between a haplotype and its neighbor in one spatial direction at timetcannot co-occur with a coalescent event with a haplotype in the opposite direction att+ 1. The concomitant increased pairwise genetic distance among randomly sampled haplotypes in spatially constrained populations could lead to incorrect inferences of recent diversifying selection or of population bottlenecks when analyzed using an unconstrained coalescent model as a null hypothesis.

The development of intramodal and crossmodal temporal order judgments

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Brigitte Roeder ◽  
Birthe Pagel ◽  
Tobias Heed
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Spatial Stimulus ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Automatic Coding ◽  
Temporal Order Judgments

The use of spatial stimulus features seems to facilitate both intramodal and crossmodal temporal order judgments (TOJ). For example, TOJ between two tactile stimuli are easier when the two stimulated hands are held far apart rather than close together (Shore et al., 2005), suggesting automatic coding of tactile location in external coordinates. Similarly, performing a TOJ between two stimuli from different modalities is easier when the two stimuli are separated in space (Spence et al., 2003). We have previously shown that use of spatial features for intramodal TOJ becomes evident by the age of six years (Pagel et al., 2009). Here, we tested whether the advantage of spatial separation in crossmodal comparisons is observable at the same age. Fifty-nine children between 4 and 12 years as well as 13 young adults performed a modality TOJ task for simple tactile and visual stimuli. Stimuli were presented either within the same or in different hemifields. Spatial separation improved TOJ performance only for children aged 10 years and older. However, crossmodal TOJ performance was worse than intramodal TOJ performance starting at the age of 6 years. Crossmodal TOJ performance comparable to adults was not observed before the age of 12 years. We speculate that the ability to redundantly code sensory input in modality-specific and supramodal (external) spatial coordinates facilitates intramodal temporal processing. Further refinement of the processes providing external spatial coordinates (e.g., touch remapping) then results in integrated use of space and time allowing for more precise assignment of sensory inputs to the same or to different events.

scholarly journals Human Phageprints: A high-resolution exploration of oral phages reveals globally-distributed phage families with individual-specific and temporally-stable community compositions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gita Mahmoudabadi ◽  
Kelsey Homyk ◽  
Adam Catching ◽  
Helen Foley ◽  
Arbel Tadmor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Instructional Videos ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Stable Community

AbstractMetagenomic studies have revolutionized the study of novel phages. However these studies trade the depth of coverage for breadth. In this study we show that the targeted sequencing of a phage genomic region as small as 200-300 base pairs, can provide sufficient sequence diversity to serve as an individual-specific barcode or “Phageprint”. The targeted approach reveals a high-resolution view of phage communities that is not available through metagenomic datasets. By creating instructional videos and collection kits, we enabled citizen scientists to gather ∼700 oral samples spanning ∼100 individuals residing in different parts of the world. In examining phage communities at 6 different oral sites, and by comparing phage communities of individuals living across the globe, we were able to study the effect of spatial separation, ranging from several millimeters to thousands of kilometers. We found that the spatial separation of just a few centimeters (the distance between two oral sites) can already result in highly distinct phage community compositions. For larger distances, spanning the phage communities of different individuals living in different parts of the world, we did not observe any correlation between spatial distance and phage community composition as individuals residing in the same city did not have any more similar phage communities than individuals living on different continents. Additionally, we found that neither genetics nor cohabitation seem to play a role in the relatedness of phage community compositions across individuals. Cohabitating siblings and even identical twins did not have phage community compositions that were any more similar than those of unrelated individuals. The primary factor contributing to phage community composition relatedness is direct contact between two habitats, as is demonstrated by the similarity between oral phage community compositions of partners. Furthermore, by exploring phage communities across the span of a month, and in some cases several years, we observed highly stable community compositions. These studies consistently point to the existence of remarkably diverse and personal phage families that are stable in time and apparently present in people around the world.

The Effect of Nonlinear Amplitude Growth on the Speech Perception Benefits Provided by a Single-Sided Vocoder

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Wess ◽  
Joshua G. W. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Compression And Expansion ◽  
Interaural Difference ◽  
Interaural Differences ◽  
Single Sided Deafness ◽  
Perceptual Separation ◽  
Loudness Growth

PurposeFor listeners with single-sided deafness, a cochlear implant (CI) can improve speech understanding by giving the listener access to the ear with the better target-to-masker ratio (TMR; head shadow) or by providing interaural difference cues to facilitate the perceptual separation of concurrent talkers (squelch). CI simulations presented to listeners with normal hearing examined how these benefits could be affected by interaural differences in loudness growth in a speech-on-speech masking task.MethodExperiment 1 examined a target–masker spatial configuration where the vocoded ear had a poorer TMR than the nonvocoded ear. Experiment 2 examined the reverse configuration. Generic head-related transfer functions simulated free-field listening. Compression or expansion was applied independently to each vocoder channel (power-law exponents: 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2).ResultsCompression reduced the benefit provided by the vocoder ear in both experiments. There was some evidence that expansion increased squelch in Experiment 1 but reduced the benefit in Experiment 2 where the vocoder ear provided a combination of head-shadow and squelch benefits.ConclusionsThe effects of compression and expansion are interpreted in terms of envelope distortion and changes in the vocoded-ear TMR (for head shadow) or changes in perceived target–masker spatial separation (for squelch). The compression parameter is a candidate for clinical optimization to improve single-sided deafness CI outcomes.

Response Interference as a Mechanism Underlying Implicit Measures

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Roland Deutsch ◽  
Etienne P. LeBel ◽  
Kurt R. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Response Interference ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Over the last decade, implicit measures of mental associations (e.g., Implicit Association Test, sequential priming) have become increasingly popular in many areas of psychological research. Even though successful applications provide preliminary support for the validity of these measures, their underlying mechanisms are still controversial. The present article addresses the role of a particular mechanism that is hypothesized to mediate the influence of activated associations on task performance in many implicit measures: response interference (RI). Based on a review of relevant evidence, we argue that RI effects in implicit measures depend on participants’ attention to association-relevant stimulus features, which in turn can influence the reliability and the construct validity of these measures. Drawing on a moderated-mediation model (MMM) of task performance in RI paradigms, we provide several suggestions on how to address these problems in research using implicit measures.

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