scholarly journals Theoretical Implications of Directionally Asymmetric Transparency

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gleim
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Consonant Harmony ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Long Distance Agreement

Transparent segments have been a well known challenge for accounts of patterns of long distance agreement, such as vowel and consonant harmony. Two standard ways to account for transparency are autosegmental feature spreading with underspecification (e.g. Kiparsky 1981; Steriade 1987) and Agreement by Correspondence (ABC; Walker 2000; Walker & Rose 2004; Hansson 2001). Both, however, fail to derive the multiple instances of transparency encountered in Tsilhqút'í­n (Cook 1993; 2013). Here, non-retracted dorsals act both as transparent and as opaque to the process of vowel retraction, depending on which side of the trigger, a retracted sibilant, they are located. On the other hand, both retracted and non-retracted dorsals are transparent in sibilant harmony, in which sibilants are forced to agree in retraction. I propose a superset approach that combines feature spreading and underspecification with ABC: All dorsals are transparent in sibilant harmony, because they are outside the correspondence relation. At the first step of the derivation, non-retracted dorsals are not specified for retraction, allowing them to be transparent to regressive retraction. At a later step, they are negatively specified and hence able to block progressive retraction.

Raising, inversion and agreement in modern Hebrew

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-179
Author(s):  
NURIT MELNIK
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phrase Structure Grammar ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Long Distance Agreement ◽  
Subject Raising

This paper focuses on the interaction between raising, subject–verb inversion and agreement in Modern Hebrew. It identifies, alongside ‘standard’ (i.e., English-like) subject-to-subject raising, two additional patterns where the embedded subject appears post-verbally. In one, the raising predicate exhibits long-distance agreement with the embedded subject, while in the other, a colloquial variant, it is marked with impersonal (3sm) agreement. The choice between the three raising constructions in the language is shown to be solely dependent on properties of the embedded clause. The data are discussed and analyzed against a background of typological and theoretical work on raising. The analysis, cast in the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), builds on research on raising, selectional locality, agreement, subjecthood and information structure, as well as verb-initial constructions in Modern Hebrew.

scholarly journals Cerebral cortical communication overshadows computational energy-use, but these combine to predict synapse number

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B Levy ◽  
Victoria G. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Neural Computation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Communication Costs ◽  
Other Hand

Darwinian evolution tends to produce energy-efficient outcomes. On the other hand, energy limits computation, be it neural and probabilistic or digital and logical. Taking a particular energy-efficient viewpoint, we define neural computation and make use of an energy-constrained, computational function. This function can be optimized over a variable that is proportional to the number of synapses per neuron. This function also implies a specific distinction between ATP-consuming processes, especially computation per se vs the communication processes including action potentials and transmitter release. Thus to apply this mathematical function requires an energy audit with a partitioning of energy consumption that differs from earlier work. The audit points out that, rather than the oft-quoted 20 watts of glucose available to the brain (1, 2), the fraction partitioned to cortical computation is only 0.1 watts of ATP. On the other hand at 3.5 watts, long-distance communication costs are 35-fold greater. Other novel quantifications include (i) a finding that the biological vs ideal values of neural computational efficiency differ by a factor of 108 and (ii) two predictions of N, the number of synaptic transmissions needed to fire a neuron (2500 vs 2000).Significance StatementEngineers hold up the human brain as a low energy form of computation. However from the simplest physical viewpoint, a neuron’s computation cost is remarkably larger than the best possible bits/J – off by a factor of 108. Here we explicate, in the context of energy consumption, a definition of neural computation that is optimal given explicit constraints. The plausibility of this definition as Nature’s perspective is supported by an energy-audit of the human brain. The audit itself requires certain novel perspectives and calculations revealing that communication costs are 35-fold computational costs.

The Economics of Air Line Operation

1936 ◽  
Vol 40 (312) ◽  
pp. 839-860
Author(s):  
L. T. H. Greig
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
The Political ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Times ◽  
Considerable Detail

In speaking to you to-night on the Economics of Air Line Operation, I propose to speak primarily from the viewpoint of the operator of an internal air line. I do not mean, by that, that I shall confine my remarks strictly to the various problems encountered by my own particular company, nor do I mean that any opinions which I may express will, of necessity, be of interest only to operators of internal services. On the other hand, I do not intend to venture into the realms of very long distance air routes, such as Empire routes, many of the problems connected with which have already been dealt with in considerable detail by Mr. Woods Humphrey in his interesting series of articles in The Times in May of this year. Such small experience as I have had so far with international flying has convinced me that the political difficulties, which are undoubtedly encountered by many of the national air transport companies, must force upon them policies other than those dictated by strictly economic requirements, and in consequence, must render a true comparison between their operation and purely European flying almost impossible.

scholarly journals Analyze the Development Status and Optimization Strategies of Food Cold Chain Logistics

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Li ◽  
Khor Kok Keat
Keyword(s):  
Living Standards ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Logistics Industry ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Comprehensive Level ◽  
Good For

<p>Researchers pointed out that in recent years, with the improvement and optimization of living standards, the food cold chain logistics industry has developed vigorously. In general, based on the promotion of food cold chain logistics, researchers can further realize the reasonable exploration of cold chain logistics, so as to effectively realize the overall development and construction of cold chain logistics, which is good for the reasonable satisfaction of the people’s dietary needs. The promotion of meaning and value. On the other hand, the development of the cold chain logistics industry has further realized the reasonable satisfaction of the requirements of the cold chain transportation of food materials, has a good guiding role in the realization of long-distance transportation of food materials, and is conducive to the diversified development of the people’s diet structure. However, at present, in the process of food cold chain logistics work, my country still has certain shortcomings to be improved. This article analyzes the development status of food cold chain logistics, and proposes corresponding optimization strategies at the same time, aiming to effectively realize the improvement and optimization of the comprehensive level of my country’s food cold chain logistics industry.</p>

The Social Organization of Credit in a West African Cattle Market

Africa ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abner Cohen
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
West African ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
African Cattle ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Cattle Market

Opening ParagraphCredit is a vital economic institution without which trade becomes very limited. In the industrial Western societies, where it is highly developed, it operates through formal, standardized arrangements and procedures by which the solvency of the debtor is closely assessed, securities against possible default are provided, and the conditions of the agreement are documented and endorsed by the parties concerned. Ultimately, these arrangements and procedures are upheld by legislated rules and sanctions administered by central, bureaucratized, fairly impartial, efficient, and effective courts and police. In West Africa, on the other hand, where long-distance trade has been fostered by varying ecological circumstances, such organization has not yet evolved, particularly for long-distance trade. Nevertheless extensive systems of credit have been developed.

scholarly journals Communication consumes 35 times more energy than computation in the human cortex, but both costs are needed to predict synapse number

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (18) ◽  
pp. e2008173118
Author(s):  
William B Levy ◽  
Victoria G. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
The Other ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Mathematical Function ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Human Cortex ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Distance Communication

Darwinian evolution tends to produce energy-efficient outcomes. On the other hand, energy limits computation, be it neural and probabilistic or digital and logical. Taking a particular energy-efficient viewpoint, we define neural computation and make use of an energy-constrained computational function. This function can be optimized over a variable that is proportional to the number of synapses per neuron. This function also implies a specific distinction between adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-consuming processes, especially computation per se vs. the communication processes of action potentials and transmitter release. Thus, to apply this mathematical function requires an energy audit with a particular partitioning of energy consumption that differs from earlier work. The audit points out that, rather than the oft-quoted 20 W of glucose available to the human brain, the fraction partitioned to cortical computation is only 0.1 W of ATP [L. Sokoloff, Handb. Physiol. Sect. I Neurophysiol. 3, 1843–1864 (1960)] and [J. Sawada, D. S. Modha, “Synapse: Scalable energy-efficient neurosynaptic computing” in Application of Concurrency to System Design (ACSD) (2013), pp. 14–15]. On the other hand, long-distance communication costs are 35-fold greater, 3.5 W. Other findings include 1) a 108-fold discrepancy between biological and lowest possible values of a neuron’s computational efficiency and 2) two predictions of N, the number of synaptic transmissions needed to fire a neuron (2,500 vs. 2,000).

Stiffness and Endurance of a Locking Compression Plate Fixed on Fractured Femur

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaosuan Kanchanomai ◽  
Panurungsit Muanjan ◽  
Vajara Phiphobmongkol
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Fracture ◽  
Locking Compression Plate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Short Column ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Compression Plate ◽  
Screw Position ◽  
Gap Models ◽  
Locking Screw

The effects of locking screw position (long column fixation—long distance between the nearest screws to the fracture—and short column fixation—short distance between the nearest screws to the fracture) and fracture gap size (1-mm and 8-mm transverse fracture gap) on stiffness and fatigue of fractured femur fixed with a locking compression plate (LCP) were biomechanically evaluated. The stiffness of 1-mm fracture gap models and that of intact femoral model were in the range of 270–284 N/mm, while those of 8-mm fracture gap models were significantly lower (155–170 N/mm). After 1,000,000 cycles of loading, no fracture of LCP of 1-mm fracture gap models fixed in either long column or short column fashions occurred. On the other hand, the complete fractures of LCPs of 8-mm fracture gap models fixed in long column and short column fashions occurred after 51,500 and 42,000 cycles of loading, respectively. These results suggest that the full weight loading may be allowed for the patient with 1-mm transverse femoral fracture fixed with an LCP. On the other hand, the full load of walking should be avoided for the patient with 8-mm transverse femoral fracture fixed with an LCP before adequate healing.

scholarly journals Rising significance of globalization in international relations

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-32
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Sporek
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Mass Exchange ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World

Globalization should be treated as a process of spreading, in the world scale, the connections which are typical for the local economic conditions. This phenomenon is associated with the creation of transnational culture and progressively deepening network of social interactions. The mass exchange of people, commodities, services and capitol on the global scale is carried out through modern means of communication and transport technologies. This process includes also long-distance migration of people. The globalization can mean both potential profits and new chances, but on the other hand, it can cause serious threats and huge challenges. A direction of its development and prevention from its negative results, depends on possibilities to influence this process by particular countries and grouping, including societies. It is obvious, that the present shape of the globalization bears injustice, increases inequalities and threats, so is must be corrected to a common favour.

scholarly journals Partial Wh-Movement and Wh-Copying in Dutch: Evidence for an Indirect Dependency Approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Ankelien Schippers
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Long Distance Movement ◽  
Dependency Approach

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This article reports on a magnitude estimation experiment investigating the grammatical status of partial wh-movement and wh-copying versus standard long-distance movement in Dutch. The results show that long-distance wh-movement is rated most acceptable, followed by wh-copying and finally partial wh-movement. Of interest is the significant difference in acceptability in partial wh-movement and wh-copying. It is argued that these results speak in favor of a so-called Indirect Dependency Approach to partial wh-movement in which partial wh-movement is analyzed as a structurally altogether different construction from long-distance wh-movement. Wh-copying, on the other hand, is argued to be a surface alternative to long-distance movement, where an intermediate movement copy has been spelled out.

The Syntactic and Semantic Ambiguity of Caki 'Self' in Korean

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 149-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sook Whan Cho
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Semantic Ambiguity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Reflexive Pronoun ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract. The Korean reflexive caki 'self is ambiguous semantically and syntactically. This reflex-ive does not always behave as an anaphor or a pronominal. It is often not bound, nor is it consistent in its distribution as would be expected from the alternative view, which regards it as a long-distance anaphor or a pronominal. It is noted in this study, on the other hand, that the behavior of the reflex-ive is ambivalent in two ways. For one, the interpretation of the reflexive is sensitive to its co-occurring predicate and allows the reading of the abstract concept of personhood and individuality along the lines with Safir (1996). For another, the reflexive seems to behave like a Near-reflexive in the sense of Lidz (2001). Given these observations, this study has largely focused its discussion on how inherent reflexivity of predicates and the abstract concept of personhood and individuality of the reflexive may interact in determining the antecedent. It is concluded that the reflexive is a refer-entially independent and lexically idiosyncratic noun when it is conceived of as a "reified" soul, and behaves like a discourse-sensitive reflexive pronoun in other contexts.

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