scholarly journals Formal properties of now revisited

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Una Stojnić ◽  
Daniel Altshuler
Keyword(s):  
Formal Properties

Our words matter: acceptability, grammaticality, and ethics of research on singular 'they'-type pronouns

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Marie Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Singular Form ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Ethics Of Research ◽  
Formal Properties

Until now, there has been little experimental work investigating the processing and formal properties of the singular they suite of pronouns. As scientific and popular attention to singular they increases, it will be critical for research to acknowledge theoretical and ethical issues regarding discussion of this phenomenon. This commentary uses the recent paper by Doherty & Conklin (2017) as a starting point to discuss issues surrounding work on the various forms of singular they. It concludes that there is sufficient theoretical and empirical evidence to claim they has a grammatically singular form (at least in colloquial English). It also recommends care be taken in academic discussions of the grammaticality and acceptability of terms which are associated with marginalised communities.

Reflexive Autoepistemic Logic

1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 157-173
Author(s):  
Grigori Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Autoepistemic Logic ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Formal Properties

We propose a new variant of autoepistemic logic which, intuitively, corresponds to understanding a belief operator L as “is known”, in contrast to the interpretation of L as “is believed” in Moore’s autoepistemic logic. Formal properties of the new logic and relationship to Moore’s logic are studied in detail.

Middle constructions in Romanian

2018 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 1154-1176
Author(s):  
Alice Bodoc ◽  
Mihaela Gheorghe
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Implicit Argument ◽  
Adverbial Modification ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Formal Properties ◽  
Middle Constructions ◽  
Heterogeneous Class

Abstract The present paper aims to present an inventory of Romanian middle contructions (se‑verbal constructions), and to extend the analysis to other structures (with or without se) that were not previously investigated, but exhibit the same characteristics, and seem to allow middle reading (adjunct middles). Since Jespersen (1927), middles were attested cross-linguistically, and the focus on middles is justified if we consider the fact that this is an interesting testing ground for theories of syntax, semantics and their interaction (Fagan 1992). Starting from Grahek’s definition (2008, 44), in this paper, middles are a heterogeneous class of constructions that share formal properties of both active and passive structures: on the one hand, they have active verb forms, but, on the other hand, like passives, they have understood subjects and normally display promoted objects. The corpus analysis will focus on the particular contexts in which the middle reading is triggered: i) the adverbial modification; ii) the modal/procedural interpretation of the event; iii) the responsibility of the subject; iv) the arbitrary interpretation of the implicit argument which follows from the generic interpretation (Steinbach 2002).

scholarly journals Lenition, perception and neutralisation

Phonology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah Katz
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Formal Properties

This paper argues that processes traditionally classified as lenition fall into at least two subsets, with distinct phonetic reflexes, formal properties and characteristic contexts. One type, referred to as loss lenition, frequently neutralises contrasts in positions where they are perceptually indistinct. The second type, referred to as continuity lenition, can target segments in perceptually robust positions, increases the intensity and/or decreases the duration of those segments, and very rarely results in positional neutralisation of contrasts. While loss lenition behaves much like other phonological processes, analysing continuity lenition is difficult or impossible in standard phonological approaches. The paper develops a phonetically based optimality-theoretic account that explains the typology of the two types of lenition. The crucial proposal is that, unlike loss lenition, continuity lenition is driven by constraints that reference multiple prosodic positions.

Economies of Living in Mrs. Gaskell's Cranford

1995 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Mulvihill
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Moral Life ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Small Economies ◽  
Nineteeth Century ◽  
Formal Properties ◽  
Village Life ◽  
William Cobbett

"ECONOMY." writes William Cobbett in Cottage Economy (1821-22), "means management, and nothing more; and it is generally applied to the affairs of a house and family, which affairs are an object of the greatest importance, whether as relating to individuals or a nation." Due to the influence of the dismal science of political economy, the nineteeth century witnessed a narrowing of this concept to denote a specialized instrumentality rather than the integrated totality formerly encompassed by the term. In the novels of Mrs. Gaskell the standard of "economy" is applied in its older, undissociated sense, encompassing the regulation, rather than the mutually exclusive demarcation, of material and moral life. Throghout Gaskell's fiction the rightness or the wrongness of a household usually finds its objective correlative in the manifest management of that household. In Cranford (1853) everything from managing household expenditures to managing one's life is regualted by considerations of economy. The innumerable "small economies" practiced by Gaskell's characters are among innumerable such arrangements forming the larger social and narrative economy of Cranford/Cranford. Minor though they might seem, the sundry small events of village life are the principal on which Cranford draws for its barely eventful subsistence. In the same way, Cranford's narrative reflects the formal properties of economy. What finally emerges from his management of a slender store of incident is the identity between the local economy of Cranford/Cranford and larger fictional economies underlying Gaskell's narrative.

Three Graphic Representations to Aid Bayesian Inference

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Bayesian Reasoning ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Probability Maps ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Graphic Representations ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Formal Properties ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

SummaryVisual representation may help physicians and patients interpret laboratory results, for example by aiding Bayesian reasoning. This paper is concerned with the psychological and formal properties of such visual representations. One popular way to present laboratory results is via signal detection curves. These curves represent many parameters of a laboratory test including parameters, such as distribution variance, that are not typically known. Such curves can be seriously misleading.Two alternative representations are suggested. Probability maps represent only the three laboratory test parameters most likely to be known: sensitivity, specificity and prevalence, and thus avoid the problems of the richer signal detection curves. Probability maps, however, do not remind the user of why there are false positives and false negatives nor of the nature of the criterion for positivity. Detection bars, a third type of representation, are a compromise between signal detection curves and probability maps.

A Note on Formal Properties of their Heaven Sequence

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172
Author(s):  
Edward A. Hacker
Keyword(s):  
Formal Properties

Clive Bell’s "Metaphysical Hypothesis" and Everyday Aesthetics

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Thomas Leddy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Philosophy Of Art ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Everyday Aesthetics ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Deep Meaning ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Formal Properties

Clive Bell’s Art, published in 1913, is widely seen as a founding document in contemporary aesthetics. Yet his formalism and his attendant definition of art as “significant form” is widely rejected in contemporary art discourse and in the philosophy of art. In this paper I argue for a reconsideration of his thought in connection with current discussions of “the aesthetics of everyday life.” Although some, notably Allen Carlson, have argued against application of Bell’s formalism to the aesthetics of everyday life, I claim that this is based on an interpretation of the concept that is overly narrow. First, Li Zehou offers an interpretation of “significant form” that allows in sedimented social meaning. Second, Bell himself offers a more complex theory of significant form by way of his “metaphysical hypothesis,” one that stresses perception of significant form outside the realm of art (for example in nature or in everyday life). Bell’s idea that the artist can perceive significant form in nature allows for significant form to not just be the surface-level formal properties of things. It stresses depth, although a different kind than the cognitive scientific depth Carlson wants. This is a depth that is consistent with the anti-dualism of Spinoza, Marx and Dewey. Reinterpreting Bell in this direction, we can say we are moved by certain relations of lines and colors because they direct our minds to the hidden aspect of things, the spiritual side of the material world referred to by Spinoza and developed by Dewey in his concept of experience. Bell hardly “reduces the everyday to a shadow of itself,” as Carlson puts it, since the everyday, as experienced by the artist or the aesthetically astute observer, has, or potentially has, deep meaning. If we reject Bell’s dualism and his downgrading of sensuous experience, we can rework his idea of pure form to refer to an aspect of things detached, yes, from practical use, but not from particularity or sedimented meaning, not purified of all associations.

What is noise? An inquiry into its formal properties

2012 ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
Saeed Hydaralli
Keyword(s):  
Formal Properties
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