STRESS IN CHILDREN PATHOLOGY: FROM PSYCHOSOMATICS TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

During childhood, 3 levels of stress were proposed: positive, tolerable and toxic. The toxic stress produced by the strong, frequent and prolonged activation of the body’s response systems is a generator of behavioral and somatic sequelae. Child abuse is present in all social media in different countries. The absence of basic care has devastating effects on social and cognitive development, as found in institutionalized children. Attachment behavior and fear memory are considered stress-related biological systems. The response to stress is driven by the dynamics of cortisol secretion and its interaction with its cellular receptor. It plays a central role in the response to aggression through the process of methylation, decreased gene expression in the hippocampus and increased response to stress. Stress treatment is variable in efficiency and involves preventive measures (family and community), at school, bullying, psychological counseling, trauma-focused psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, through music.

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Autoantibodies reactive to adrenocorticotropic hormone can alter cortisol secretion in both aggressive and nonaggressive humans

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1720008115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (28) ◽

pp. E6576-E6584 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Henning Værøy ◽

Csaba Adori ◽

Romain Legrand ◽

Nicolas Lucas ◽

Jonathan Breton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Adrenal Cells ◽

Igg Binding ◽

History Of ◽

Response To Stress ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Epitope Binding

Violent aggression in humans may involve a modified response to stress, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we show that naturally present autoantibodies reactive to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) exhibit distinct epitope-binding profiles to ACTH peptide in subjects with a history of violent aggression compared with controls. Namely, while nonaggressive male controls displayed a preferential IgG binding to the ACTH central part (amino acids 11–24), subjects who had committed violent acts of aggression had IgG with increased affinity to ACTH, preferentially binding to its N terminus (amino acids 1–13). Purified IgGs from approximately half of the examined sera were able to block ACTH-induced cortisol secretion of human adrenal cells in vitro, irrespective of the source of sample (from a control subject or a violent aggressor). Nevertheless, in the resident–intruder test in mice, i.p. injection of residents with ACTH and IgG from aggressive subjects, but not from control subjects, shortened latency for the first attack against intruders. Immunohistochemical screening of violent aggressors’ sera on rat brain and pituitary sections did not show IgG binding to ACTH-producing cells, but 4 of 16 sera revealed selective binding to a nonidentified antigen in vasopressinergic neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Thus, the data show that ACTH-reactive plasmatic IgGs exhibit differential epitope preference in control and violently aggressive subjects. These IgGs can modulate ACTH-induced cortisol secretion and, hence, are involved in the regulation of the stress response. However, the possible role of ACTH-reactive autoantibodies in aggressive behavior needs further investigation.

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Mathematical Modeling of p53 Pathways

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20205179 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (20) ◽

pp. 5179 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eunjung Kim ◽

Jae-Young Kim ◽

Joo-Yong Lee

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Modeling ◽

Cell Cycle ◽

Target Genes ◽

Feedback Loops ◽

Tumor Suppressor P53 ◽

Severe Stress ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Response To Stress ◽

Response Systems ◽

Moderate Stress

Cells have evolved balanced systems that ensure an appropriate response to stress. The systems elicit repair responses in temporary or moderate stress but eliminate irreparable cells via apoptosis in detrimental conditions of prolonged or severe stress. The tumor suppressor p53 is a central player in these stress response systems. When activated under DNA damage stress, p53 regulates hundreds of genes that are involved in DNA repair, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Recently, increasing studies have demonstrated additional regulatory roles of p53 in metabolism and mitochondrial physiology. Due to the inherent complexity of feedback loops between p53 and its target genes, the application of mathematical modeling has emerged as a novel approach to better understand the multifaceted functions and dynamics of p53. In this review, we discuss several mathematical modeling approaches in exploring the p53 pathways.

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Cortisol, progesterone and β-endorphin response to stress in calves

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas95-029 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 197-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

C. Cooper ◽

A. C. O. Evans ◽

S. Cook ◽

N. C. Rawlings

Keyword(s):

Plasma Cortisol ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Plasma Progesterone ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Stress Changes ◽

Response To Stress ◽

Assessment Of Stress

In evaluating stress in farm animals, it would be useful to know whether there were consistent endocrine responses that could be followed. Adrenal cortisol secretion is quite variable, but β-endorphin secretion and adrenal progesterone production may be useful indicators of stress. Changes in plasma concentrations of cortisol, β-endorphin and progesterone were studied in spring-born, castrated male calves (steers) (6 mo of age ± 18 d, 516 ± 26 kg, n = 12) subjected to the stress of routine dehorning. Steers were isolated from their dams for 2 h before headgate restraint (control) or restraint and dehorning. They were bled 60 and 10 min prior to headgate restraint or restraint and dehorning. Blood samples were also collected immediately after headgate restraint or restraint and dehorning (time 0) and 5, 10, 30 and 60 min later. All blood samples were taken from a jugular catheter, and the blood sampling that was done out of the headgate involved minimal manual restraint. Plasma β-endorphin concentrations were similar in control steers and dehorned steers (P > 0.05) and decreased significantly following restraint or restraint and dehorning (P < 0.05). Plasma cortisol concentrations rose significantly 5 min after dehorning and were elevated for 60 min; but with restraint only, plasma cortisol concentrations rose to a peak 5 min after release from chute restraint and then declined (P < 0.05). Plasma cortisol concentrations were greater in dehorned steers than in control steers in the period from 10 min after dehorning or headgate restraint to 60 min after headgate restraint (P < 0.0043). Plasma progesterone concentrations rose to a peak 10 min after dehorning and then declined, but in control steers, a peak was seen at 5 min after release from restraint (P < 0.05). Plasma progesterone concentrations were greater in dehorned steers between 5 and 60 min after dehorning than in control steers (P < 0.05). From these data, we concluded that in prepubertal, castrated male calves, β-endorphin was not released in any significant quantities in response to the stress of dehorning. In steers, adrenal cortisol and progesterone were secreted in response to acute stress, and a ratio of the two may provide a useful assessment of stress; this requires further study. Key words: Cortisol, progesterone, β-endorphin, stress, calves

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Countering bullying in primary school

Zbornik radova Uciteljskog fakulteta Prizren-Leposavic ◽

10.5937/zrufpl2014285r ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 285-291

Author(s):

Viktorija Rudaja

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Analysis ◽

Primary School ◽

School Violence ◽

Education System ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

School Bullying ◽

Modern Education ◽

Practical Recommendations

This article is devoted to a problem of school bulling in the modern education system. The theoretical analysis results of the school bullying phenomenon, its causes, origin conditions, structure and display characteristics are presented in the article. Theoretically substantiated the need for preventive measures to prevent school violence. The practical recommendations submitted on minimization of the school bulling are offered in the article.

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Percepções dos profissionais de saúde do município de Sousa-PB sobre leishmaniose visceral

Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB ◽

10.18265/1517-03062015v1n49p62-67 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (49) ◽

pp. 62

Author(s):

Lianna Soraya Rolim Araújo ◽

Juliana Ferreira Silva ◽

Igor Porfírio Mendonça ◽

Thais Ferreira Feitosa ◽

Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Community Health ◽

Health Professionals ◽

Diagnostic Tests ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Etiological Agent ◽

Infected Mosquito ◽

Kala Azar ◽

Basic Care

<p class="Normal1">The objective of this study was to analyze the knowledge of health professionals in Sousa’s basic care units about Visceral Leishmaniasis. 100 epidemiological questionnaires were applied with Community Health Agents, Nursing Technicians, Nurses and Doctors. It was observed that, among the 100 professionals interviewed, 88% stated that Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis, 97% know Leishmaniasis by the name of Kala-azar. Regarding the transmission of Leishmaniasis, 80% of professionals believe that it happens through the bite of the infected mosquito. However, only 78% of professionals recognize that the etiological agent is protozoan. In relation to the treatment for Leishmaniasis, 100% of the professionals interviewed believe that there is treatment for this disease, and 90% mentioned that there was a cure. About the existence of a vaccine, 69% said it did not exist. Regarding control and prophylaxis measures, 34% refer to diagnostic tests on people and animals. In relation to the prevention of Leishmaniasis, 65% of professionals gave their opinion on preventing the spread of the mosquito and informing preventive measures. It is concluded that there are still conceptual gaps in health professionals in the municipality of Sousa - PB, about Visceral Leishmaniasis, with the need to implement permanent education processes for these professionals, contextualizing the information about leishmaniasis to the studied reality.</p>

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The influence of repeated stress on the release of melanin-concentrating hormone in the rainbow trout

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1280261 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 128 (2) ◽

pp. 261-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

J. A. Green ◽

B. I. Baker

Keyword(s):

Rainbow Trout ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

White Background ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Repeated Stress ◽

Melanin Concentrating Hormone ◽

Response To Stress ◽

Single Stress ◽

Moderate Stress

ABSTRACT Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a neurohypophysial peptide that induces pigmentary pallor in teleosts and which is released when the fish are placed on a white background. An additional effect of the peptide is the depression of ACTH and hence cortisol secretion during moderate stress. The present work on rainbow trout shows that plasma MCH concentrations, while unaffected by a single stress, are raised by repeated stress (1 ml saline injected i.p. without anaesthesia) and remain high for several hours thereafter. The response to stress is observed only in white-adapted fish and not in fish kept in black-coloured tanks, when MCH release is normally low. Plasma concentrations of MCH vary diurnally but stress induces an equivalent incremental rise in plasma MCH, whether administered in the middle or towards the end of the photophase. The stress-induced rise in MCH concentrations is prevented by treatment with dexamethasone. The results support the suggestion that the modulatory effect of MCH on the hypothalamopituitary-interrenal axis of fish might be enhanced under conditions of stress. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 128, 261–266

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Approaches to Salivary Cortisol Collection and Analysis in Infants

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800413507128 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 398-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Panagiota D. Tryphonopoulos ◽

Nicole Letourneau ◽

Rima Azar

Keyword(s):

Diurnal Rhythm ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Intervention Research ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Biologic Marker ◽

Aspiration Technique ◽

Response To Stress

Salivary cortisol is becoming more commonly utilized as a biologic marker of stress in observational studies and intervention research. However, its use with infants (12 months of age or younger) is less widespread and poses some special challenges to researchers. In order to decide on the most suitable collection procedure for salivary cortisol in infants, a number of criteria should be considered. This article will aid investigators interested in integrating salivary cortisol measurement into their research studies by presenting (1) an overview of the patterns of cortisol secretion in infancy including the development of diurnal rhythm and response to stress; (2) a comparison of the most commonly used approaches for collecting salivary cortisol samples in infants including cotton rope, syringe aspiration technique, filter paper, hydrocellulose microsponge, and the Salimetrics children’s swab; (3) a discussion of the factors contributing to heightened cortisol variability in infancy and how these can be limited; (4) analytical issues associated with cortisol measurement; and (5) examples of criteria to consider when choosing a saliva sampling method and lab for conducting assays.

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Aerodynamic and Acoustic Voice Measures Before and After an Acute Public Speaking Stressor

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00252 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (10) ◽

pp. 3311-3325

Author(s):

Brittany L. Perrine ◽

Ronald C. Scherer

Keyword(s):

Fundamental Frequency ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Public Speaking ◽

Stress System ◽

Before And After ◽

Subglottal Pressure ◽

Response To Stress ◽

System Activation ◽

Speaking Fundamental Frequency ◽

Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Purpose The goal of this study was to determine if differences in stress system activation lead to changes in speaking fundamental frequency, average oral airflow, and estimated subglottal pressure before and after an acute, psychosocial stressor. Method Eighteen vocally healthy adult females experienced the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) to activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. The TSST includes public speaking and performing mental arithmetic in front of an audience. At seven time points, three before the stressor and four after the stressor, the participants produced /pa/ repetitions, read the Rainbow Passage, and provided a saliva sample. Measures included (a) salivary cortisol level, (b) oral airflow, (c) estimated subglottal pressure, and (d) speaking fundamental frequency from the second sentence of the Rainbow Passage. Results Ten of the 18 participants experienced a hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to stress as indicated by a 2.5-nmol/L increase in salivary cortisol from before the TSST to after the TSST. Those who experienced a response to stress had a significantly higher speaking fundamental frequency before and immediately after the stressor than later after the stressor. No other variable varied significantly due to the stressor. Conclusions This study suggests that the idiosyncratic and inconsistent voice changes reported in the literature may be explained by differences in stress system activation. In addition, laryngeal aerodynamic measures appear resilient to changes due to acute stress. Further work is needed to examine the influence of other stress systems and if these findings hold for dysphonic individuals.

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