Conceptual Phenomenon of Semantic Elements of "Causer" in "Prototypical Causative Structure"

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 281-304
Author(s):  
WON HEE KIM
Keyword(s):  
Causative Structure

Two Marathi Reflexives and the Causative Structure

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashi Wali
Keyword(s):  
Causative Structure

SOMETIMES LESS IS MORE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Kiwako Ito ◽  
Wynne Wong
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Processing Instruction ◽  
Less Is More ◽  
Selection Accuracy ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Causative Structure

Abstract Effects of phonetically variable input (PVI) for processing instruction (PI) training and the number of training items were tested with a picture-selection eye-tracking task. Intermediate second language (L2) learners of French (n = 174) were tested before and after they received either a short (24 items), medium (48), or long (96) training on the causative structure with either single- or multivoice input. PI improved picture-selection accuracy from about 10% to above 50% regardless of the training size. Eye-tracking data showed a reduction in looks to the incorrect picture only after the short and medium training: it surfaced regardless of voice variability after the short training, whereas multivoice training led to a greater reduction after the medium training. Long training did not yield a reliable reduction of incorrect looks regardless of voice variability. Taken together, PVI does not hinder L2 syntactic learning. Learners may benefit more from a relatively shorter training with PVI.

L2 LEARNERS’ ADAPTATION TO AN L2 STRUCTURE THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM L1

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Heeju Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Matching Game ◽  
Causative Structure ◽  
Korean Learners ◽  
Korean Learners Of English ◽  
Cumulative Experience

Abstract The present study investigates how L2 learners adapt their production preferences following immediate and cumulative experience with a syntactic structure when an L2 structure differs from an L1 structure in terms of verb subcategorization frame and argument structure. Korean learners of English described causative events in English in a picture-matching game. The meaning of a causative sentence in English (e.g., Jen had her computer fixed) is expressed with an active transitive sentence in Korean (e.g., Jen-NOM computer-ACC fixed). The results demonstrated that both immediate and cumulative experience with a causative structure increased the likelihood of producing grammatical causative descriptions (e.g., Jen had her computer fixed), while decreasing the production of ungrammatical active transitive descriptions (e.g., Jen fixed her computer). The findings provide novel evidence that an implicit learning mechanism is involved in L2 learners’ processing and learning of an L2 structure that is different from L1.

scholarly journals The relative effects of isolated and combined structured input and structured output on the acquisition of the English causative forms

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Benati ◽  
Maria Batziou
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Processing Instruction ◽  
Structured Input ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Structured Output ◽  
Causative Structure ◽  
Based Instruction ◽  
Output Only

AbstractThe present study explores the effects of structured input and structured output when delivered in isolation or in combination on the acquisition of the English causative. Research investigating the effects of processing instruction and meaning output-based instruction has provided some interesting and sometimes conflicting results. Additionally, there are a number of issues (e. g., measuring a combination of structured input and structured output, measuring discourse-level effects) that have not been fully and clearly addressed. To provide answers to the questions formulated in this study, two classroom experiments were carried out. In the first study, fifty-four Chinese university students (age 18–20) participated. The participants were randomly assigned to four groups: structured input only group (n=13); structured output only group (n=15); combined structured input and structured output group (n=16); control group (n=10). In the second study, thirty school-age Greek learners (age 10–12) participated. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups: structured input only group (n=10); structured output only group (n=10); combined structured input and structured output group (n=10).Only subjects who participated in all phases of each experiment and scored lower than 60 % in the pre-tests were included in the final data collection. Instruction lasted for three hours. The control group received no instruction on the causative structure. Interpretation and production tasks were used in a pre-test and post-test design. The design included a delayed post-test battery (3 weeks after instruction) for both experiments. In the first study, the assessment tasks included an interpretation and production task at sentence-level, and an interpretation task at discourse-level. In the second study, an additional discourse-level production task was adopted along with the interpretation discourse-level task. The results indicated that learners who received structured input both in isolation and in combination benefitted more than learners receiving structured output only. These two groups were able to retain instructional gains three weeks later in all assessment measures.

scholarly journals Complex verbs in Nupe and Yoruba

1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-322
Author(s):  
Isaac S. Madugu
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Causative Constructions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Complex Verbs ◽  
Causative Structure

This paper examines the structural behaviour of various types of complex verbs in Nupe and Yoruba in relation to causative constructions. When such verbs occur in simplex non-agentive causative sentences as well as in agentive non-causative sentences, they freely permit sentence embedding, resulting in biclausal causative structures. But in the case of non-agentive causatives, it is only Yoruba which allows the verbs to be irregularly embedded into causative matrix sentences in such a way that the biclausal causative structure constitutes input to Causative Clause Union, which compresses it into a uniclausal agentive causative sentence. Functionally, Yoruba uniclausal and biclausal agentive causatives are intercharigeable in many cases. On the other hand, only uniclausal agentive causatives are attested in Nupe, as Causative Clause Union has disappeared from its grammar. It is concluded that causative constructions in these languages demonstrate clearly that the CCU rule is motivated by a diachronic process of moving from a pragmatic mode of expression to a syntacticized one, and where a particular target has been hit, the rule ceases to function.

scholarly journals CADAVERIC STUDY OF KATIKTARUN MARMA WITH DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ITS LOCATION AND AGHAT LAKSHANS

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
Khan Shazia Islamuddin ◽  
Deepak Singh
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gluteal Region ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Anatomical Entity ◽  
Exact Location ◽  
Delayed Death ◽  
Causative Structure ◽  
Superior Margin ◽  
Rule Out

Marma Science is one of the most distinctive concepts of Ayurveda. There are 107 marma sites in the body, and they are the conglomeration of muscles, veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. This peculiarity makes Marmamarma a somewhat vulnerable point, and any injury can lead to disability, dysfunction and demise. The cause of the damage can either be traumatic or iatrogenic; therefore, it becomes a necessity to rule out the exact location of the marma and anatomical structure responsible for the traumatic effects. Katiktarun being a Prishthagata marma, is prone to get injured during significant surgeries of the gluteal region and spine. Its injury can lead to delayed death. The aim of this study revolves around the anatomical entity responsible for delayed death caused by katiktarun injury. By identifying the location and structure involved in the marma, it might be possible to repair the structure and deferment the delayed end. Based on Ayurvedic literature and cadaveric observations, the superior margin of the sciatic notch (suprapiriform foraman) is considered as the position of Katiktarun Marma, whereas the neurovasculature associated with suprapiriform foramen is the causative structure of marma trauma symptoms.

Kartvelian (South Caucasian) Languages

2021 ◽  
pp. 489-528
Author(s):  
Yakov G. Testelets
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Causative Structure ◽  
Information History

The chapter contains a description of the small Kartvelian, or South Caucasian, language family spoken in the Western part of Transcaucasia and consisting of four languages of which Georgian is the most known and culturally significant. It outlines the structure of the family and the problem of its further genetic affiliation and contains sociolinguistic information, history of its research, basic characteristics of phonology, including a rich consonantal system with unusual consonant clusters, lexical classes, morphology of nominals and verbs, with special emphasis on complexity of the verb and the syntactically motivated morphological classes and processes like valency-changing derivation (benefactive, causative), structure of noun phrases and the role of case marking, simple clause, word order, anaphora, complex sentence, and the role of the three major grammatical relations: Subject, Direct Object, and Indirect Object that dominate in the morphology and syntax; the areal and typological profile of the Kartvelian languages; and issues for further research.

scholarly journals Marked Causative Structures of Chinese Verb-Resultative Construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Pan ◽  
Limin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Subject Position ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Resultative Constructions ◽  
Object Position ◽  
Complement 3 ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Resultative Construction ◽  
Causative Relation ◽  
Causative Structure ◽  
Resultative Complement

This paper aims to study the syntactic and semantic features of ‘marked VRC causative structures’, those special syntactic-semantic structures formed by verb-resultative constructions (VRCs) which violate both the Uniformity of Theta Assignment Hypothesis and the Thematic Hierarchy. Their syntactic and semantic features are defined as follows: 1) VRC has a causative relation within itself; 2) the argument in the object position is the causee and the only argument of the resultative complement; 3) the causer in the subject position is any conceptual component from the cause event other than the agent of the predicate verb. This paper then attempts to propose an extended account to expound how they are formed syntactically and semantically. On this account, a marked VRC causative structure is re-causativization of a VRC when the VRC is self-causative; it enables other conceptual components of the cause event than the agent to become the causer when a VRC is not self-causative. There are some constraints on what becomes the causer of a marked VRC causative structure.

Input, input processing, and output: A study with discourse-level input and the French causative

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wynne Wong
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Structured Input ◽  
Input Processing ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
Text Reconstruction ◽  
Causative Structure ◽  
Reading Activity ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThis study examines the effects of input-oriented instruction and instruction that involves cycles of input plus output via three learning conditions with discourse-level input: (1) an input-oriented task in the form of a structured input reading activity, (2) a reading activity with comprehension questions, and (3) an input plus output-oriented task in the form of a text reconstruction activity, on the learning of the French causative structure. Results revealed that participants who engaged in the structured input reading activity performed significantly better than those in the other two learning conditions on both an interpretation and a production task.

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