Toll like Receptors: The immunomediators of innate and acquired immunity and the targets of therapeutic concern

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Desh D Singh ◽  
L K Dwivedi ◽  
Sarika Amdekar ◽  
Vinod Singh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Toll Ã¢â‚¬Âlike Receptors (TLRs) are identified as pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) present in vertebrates and invertebrates which recognize the pathogen Ã¢â‚¬Âassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) shared by pathogens. They are atype of innate immune receptors, involved in the cytokine production, cellularactivation and phagocytosis of microorganisms during microbial infection.They exist on various immune cells therefore, considered for targeted immunotherapeuticresearch in current approaches. In the present review, wehave extensively discussed that how TLRs play a crucial role in mediating the innate immune response and forming a bridge between innate and adaptiveimmunity. Moreover, their role in immunological disorders and treatment ofhuman diseases is also discussed in length.

scholarly journals The Role of Syk/CARD9-Coupled C-Type Lectin Receptors in Immunity toMycobacterium tuberculosisInfections

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohlopheni Jackson Marakalala ◽  
Lisa M. Graham ◽  
Gordon D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Molecular Patterns

There is increasing interest in understanding the mechanisms underlying the interactions that occur betweenMycobacterium tuberculosisand host innate immune cells. These cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which recognise mycobacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and which can influence the host immune response to the infection. Although many of the PRRs appear to be redundant in the control ofM. tuberculosisinfectionin vivo, recent discoveries have revealed a key, nonredundant, role of the Syk/CARD9 signalling pathway in antimycobacterial immunity. Here we review these discoveries, as well as recent data investigating the role of the Syk/CARD9-coupled PRRs that have been implicated in mycobacterial recognition, including Dectin-1 and Mincle.

scholarly journals Peptidomimetic 1-Benzyl-5-methyl-4-(n-octylamino)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one Showed Cardioprotection Effect in a Myocardial Ischemia (MI) Mouse Model

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Lena Trifonov ◽  
Vadim Nudelman ◽  
Michael Zhenin ◽  
Guy Cohen ◽  
Krzysztof Jozwiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptor ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Recognition Receptor

TLR4, a member of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) family, serves as a pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune response to different microbial pathogens. [...]

2. First responders: the innate immune response

2017 ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Acute Phase Response ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

How does the immune system know when to respond? ‘First responders: the innate immune response’ considers this fundamental question that is central to understanding both normal (e.g. to infections) and abnormal (e.g. in auto-immune diseases) responses; and designing vaccines and new therapies in cancer and infectious diseases. It looks at how ‘danger’ is sensed by the immune system through pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. Having been alerted, it is important that rapid action is taken to limit the spread of a pathogen. A number of responses can be initiated immediately, forming a critical part of our innate immunity, which are followed by the acute phase response.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Interventions into Innate Immune Diseases by Means of Aptamers

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 955
Author(s):  
Farzana Yasmeen ◽  
Hana Seo ◽  
Nasir Javaid ◽  
Moon Suk Kim ◽  
Sangdun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Immune System Diseases ◽  
Target Molecules ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Recognition Receptor

The immune system plays a crucial role in the body’s defense system against various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, as well as recognizes non-self- and self-molecules. The innate immune system is composed of special receptors known as pattern recognition receptors, which play a crucial role in the identification of pathogen-associated molecular patterns from diverse microorganisms. Any disequilibrium in the activation of a particular pattern recognition receptor leads to various inflammatory, autoimmune, or immunodeficiency diseases. Aptamers are short single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid molecules, also termed “chemical antibodies,” which have tremendous specificity and affinity for their target molecules. Their features, such as stability, low immunogenicity, ease of manufacturing, and facile screening against a target, make them preferable as therapeutics. Immune-system–targeting aptamers have a great potential as a targeted therapeutic strategy against immune diseases. This review summarizes components of the innate immune system, aptamer production, pharmacokinetic characteristics of aptamers, and aptamers related to innate-immune-system diseases.

scholarly journals CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Increase the Susceptibility of Normal Mice to Infection by Candida albicans

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 6154-6156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Ito ◽  
Joao Pedras-Vasconcelos ◽  
Dennis M. Klinman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Cpg Oligodeoxynucleotides ◽  
Cpg Motifs ◽  
Resistance To Infection

ABSTRACT Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs trigger an innate immune response that typically increases host resistance to infection. Yet CpG treatment reduces the resistance of normal mice to Candida albicans infection. This effect is mediated by CpG-induced interleukin-12, indicating that CpG-dependent cytokine production may have adverse consequences for the host.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Mice Strains, A/J and C57BL/6, in Caspase-1 Activity and IL-1βSecretion of Macrophage toMycobacterium lepraeInfection

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae Jin Kang ◽  
Geum Seon Lee ◽  
Se Kon Kim ◽  
Song Hou Jin ◽  
Gue Tae Chae
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
Adaptor Proteins ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Caspase 1 ◽  
Molecular Patterns

A/J mice were found to have amino acid differences in Naip5, one of the NOD-like receptors (NLRs) involved in the cytosolic recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and one of the adaptor proteins for caspase-1 activation. This defect was associated with a susceptibility toLegionellainfection, suggesting an important role for Naip5 in the immune response also to other intracellular pathogens, such asMycobacterium leprae. In this study, the immune responses of macrophages from A/J mice againstM. lepraewere compared to those of macrophages from C57BL/6 mice. Infection withM. lepraeinduced high levels of TNF-αproduction and NF-κB activation in A/J and C57BL/6 macrophages. Caspase-1 activation and IL-1βsecretion were also induced in both macrophages. However, macrophages from A/J mice exhibited reduced caspase-1 activation and IL-1βsecretion compared to C57BL/6 macrophages. These results suggest that NLR family proteins may have a role in the innate immune response toM. leprae.

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