scholarly journals Prevalence of Bacterial Lower Respiratory Tract Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Jordan

10.3823/837 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathir Obeidat ◽  
Isam Bsisu ◽  
Faruque Parvez ◽  
Zafrin Islam ◽  
Zaina Obeidat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that LRTI are the most common global cause of death from infectious diseases.  However, the specific etiologic agent associated with LRTI is often unknown. Aims: We determined the bacterial infections and seasonal patterns associated with LRTI among hospitalized cases at Jordan University Hospital (JUH) for a period of five years. Methods: We conducted a multi-year study among hospitalized patients in Jordan on LRTI-associated bacterial etiology. Results: We found bacterial infections among 105 (21.1%) out of 495 LRTI patients. The most frequently identified bacteria in the LRTI patients were Staphylococcus aureus (7.7%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.1%). Most of the LRTI patients (95.2%) had at least one chronic disease and many were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (16.8%). Of the 18 (3.64%) patients with LRTI who died at the hospital, 2 had a bacterial infection. We noticed a seasonal pattern of bacterial infections, with the highest prevalence during the winter months. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that early identification of bacterial agents and control of chronic disease may improve clinical management and reduce morbidity and mortality from LRTI.

Improvement in detecting bacterial infection in lower respiratory tract infections using the Intensive Care Infection Score (ICIS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Kaeslin ◽  
Saskia Brunner ◽  
Janine Raths ◽  
Andreas Huber
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Absolute Count ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractImmediate treatment of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) caused by bacteria is important to reduce pneumonia and other complications such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. Nowadays procalcitonin (PCT) is the gold standard to differentiate between bacterial and non-bacterial infections in LRTI. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the new Intensive Care Infection Score (ICIS) which is a combination of various cellular measurements made on hematology analyzers could be a potential method to differentiate between bacterial and non-bacterial infections in LRTI.The ICIS is composed of five blood-cell derived parameters characterizing the early innate immune response; (1) mean fluorescence intensity of mature (segmented) neutrophils; (2) the difference in hemoglobin concentration between newly formed red blood cells and the mature ones; (3) absolute number of segmented neutrophils; (4) absolute count of antibody secreting lymphocytes and (5) absolute count of number of granulocytes.The discriminative power of ICIS to differentiate between patients with LRTI of bacterial and non-bacterial origin is as good or even better as the commonly used infection biomarkers PCT, CRP and IL-6.Beside PCT, CRP and IL-6, ICIS could be used as infection marker in LRTI.

scholarly journals An Overview of Antivirals for Treating Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Elvira Cruz Jiménez ◽  
Liliana Quintanar Vera ◽  
J. Armando Lujan-Montelongo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract. Covid-19 has resulted in a worldwide epidemic (pandemic) with high morbidity and mortality, which has generated efforts in various areas of research looking for safe and effective treatments to combat the virus that generates this disease: SARS-CoV-2. However, several viruses have been emerged/adapted in the last few decades, also affecting the respiratory system. According to the world health organization (WHO), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and viruses are playing important roles as the cause of these infections. In contrast to the vast repertoire of antibiotics that exist to treat bacteria-caused LRTIs, there are a very few antivirals approved for the treatment of virus-caused LRTIs, whose approach consists mainly of drug reuse. This minireview deals on the main viral pathogens that cause LRTIs and some of the most relevant antivirals to counter them (available drugs and molecules in research/clinical trials), with concise comments of their mechanism of action.   Resumen. Covid-19 ha resultado en una epidemia mundial (pandemia) con alta morbilidad y mortalidad, lo que ha generado esfuerzos en diversas áreas de investigación en la búsqueda de tratamientos seguros y eficaces para combatir el virus que genera esta enfermedad: el SARS-CoV-2. Sin embargo, un número de virus han surgido o se han adaptado en las últimas décadas, que también afectan el sistema respiratorio. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), las infecciones en vías respiratorias inferiores (LRTIs, por sus siglas en inglés) son una de las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial, siendo los virus de los principales patógenos causantes de estas infecciones. En contraste con el repertorio amplio de antibióticos que existen para tratar LRTIs causadas por bacterias, existen muy pocos antivirales aprobados para su tratamiento, cuyo enfoque consiste principalmente en la reutilización de fármacos. Este ensayo consiste en una breve revisión de los principales agentes virales que causan LRTIs y de los antivirales más relevantes para combatir los virus que las causan (tanto fármacos disponibles como moléculas en fases de investigación o clínicas), con comentarios concisos sobre su mecanismo de acción.

scholarly journals Prevalence of respiratory bacterial infections in people with lower respiratory tract infections in Africa: the BARIAFRICA systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e023592
Author(s):  
Serges Tchatchouang ◽  
Jean Joel Bigna ◽  
Ariane Nzouankeu ◽  
Marie-Christine Fonkoua ◽  
Jobert Richie Nansseu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

IntroductionThe burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) is a substantial public health concern. However, the epidemiology of LRTI and its bacterial aetiologies are poorly characterised, particularly in the African continent. Providing accurate data can help design cost-effective interventions to curb the burden of respiratory infections in Africa. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be to determine the prevalence of respiratory Bacterial Aetiologies in people with low Respiratory tract Infections in Africa (BARIAFRICA) and associated factors.Methods and analysisWe will search PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, African Journals Online, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Global Index Medicus to identify studies that reported the prevalence (of enough data to compute this estimate) of respiratory bacterial infections in people with LRTIs in Africa from 1 January 2000 to 31 March 2018, without any linguistic restrictions. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be conducted independently by two investigators. Heterogeneity will be evaluated using the χ² test on Cochran’s Q statistic and quantified with H and I² statistics. Prevalence will be pooled using a random-effect meta-analysis model. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses will be used to identify sources of heterogeneity of prevalence estimates. This study will be reported according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Ethics and disseminationSince this study will be based on published data, it does not require ethical approval. This systematic review and meta-analysis is intended to serve as a basis for determining the burden of LRTIs, for identifying data gaps and for guiding future investigations in Africa. The final report will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented in conferences and submitted to relevant health policy makers.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018092359.

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children in a Well-vaccinated South African Birth Cohort: Spectrum of Disease and Risk Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 1588-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M le Roux ◽  
Mark P Nicol ◽  
Landon Myer ◽  
Aneesa Vanker ◽  
Jacob A M Stadler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Substantial Morbidity

Abstract Background Childhood lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) cause substantial morbidity and under-5 child mortality. The epidemiology of LRTI is changing in low- and middle-income countries with expanding access to conjugate vaccines, yet there are few data on the incidence and risk factors for LRTI in these settings. Methods A prospective birth cohort enrolled mother–infant pairs in 2 communities near Cape Town, South Africa. Active surveillance for LRTI was performed for the first 2 years of life over 4 respiratory seasons. Comprehensive data collection of risk factors was done through 2 years of life. World Health Organization definitions were used to classify clinical LRTI and chest radiographs. Results From March 2012 to February 2017, 1143 children were enrolled and followed until 2 years of age. Thirty-two percent of children were exposed to antenatal maternal smoking; 15% were born at low birth weights. Seven hundred ninety-five LRTI events occurred in 429 children by February 2017; incidence of LRTI was 0.51 and 0.25 episodes per child-year in the first and second years of life, respectively. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–exposed, uninfected infants (vs HIV-unexposed infants) were at increased risk of hospitalized LRTI in the first 6 months of life. In regression models, male sex, low birth weight, and maternal smoking were independent risk factors for both ambulatory and hospitalized LRTI; delayed or incomplete vaccination was associated with hospitalized LRTI. Conclusions LRTI incidence was high in the first year of life, with substantial morbidity. Strategies to ameliorate harmful exposures are needed to reduce LRTI burden in vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals Procalcitonin and COVID-19: A Reliable Clinical Tool

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Bass ◽  
Anshika Singh ◽  
Robin Williams ◽  
David H. Lindner
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Etiologies

Abstract BACKGROUND: A procalcitonin (PCT) level is commonly ordered to distinguish between bacterial and viral etiologies of lower respiratory tract infections as it is typically negative in the absence of inflammatory conditions and bacterial infections. With COVID-19 causing an influx of patients presenting with respiratory symptoms, clinicians are in need of useful tools to guide management of these patients. Given the inflammation that is caused by COVID-19, it is currently unknown whether PCT continues to be a reliable or useful test in suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 pneumonia. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether PCT remains a clinically useful test in patients who present with lower respiratory tract symptoms in the era of COVID-19. DESIGN: Single-center retrospective cohort studyPARTICIPANTS: 243 adults with lower respiratory tract symptoms who presented to the hospital through the emergency department between April 11, 2020 and May 18, 2020 who received both a COVID-19 test as well as a PCT level. MAIN MEASURES: COVID-19 positivity/negative, PCT level KEY RESULTS: It was found that patients with COVID-19 consistently had negative procalcitonin levels (<0.25ng/mL). Based on the odds ratio, a patient with a positive PCT level was 3.4 times more likely to test negative for COVID than a patient with a PCT level <0.25ng/mL. (1)=13.895, p<0.001. CONCLUSIONS: There is a highly significant association between a negative procalcitonin and positive COVID-19 infection, thus supporting the continued use of PCT in the COVID-19 era.

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