Lurianic Kabbalah: Berur, Final Sparks, and the Mission of Exile

2010 ◽  
pp. 172-190
Author(s):  
Sharon Flatto
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter talks about Lurianic Kabbalah as the dominant kabbalistic school that had a prominent place in Ezekiel Landau's writings despite the tremendous influence of Cordoverian doctrines in central and eastern Europe during the eighteenth century. It explains Lurianic Kabbalah as the branch of Kabbalah that primarily deals with complex systems of theosophical and theurgical doctrines at the expense of ecstatic traditions. It also cites the ideal of devekut and the modes of worship promoted in ecstatic Kabbalah that play a subsidiary role in most Lurianic works. The chapter recounts how Landau frequently uses the precise linguistic phrases, terms, and ideas found in Lurianic writings, which reveal his deep immersion in Lurianic Kabbalah during his youth in Poland. It mentions Hayim Vital, who wrote one of the first and most comprehensive books of Lurianic theosophy, the Ets hayim or Shemonah she'arim.

Mandatory Family Protection in the Civilian Tradition

2020 ◽  
pp. 648-706
Author(s):  
Reinhard Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Ius Commune ◽  
Code Civil

The chapter traces the development of mandatory family protection from Roman law through the ius commune to the modern civilian codifications. The Justinianic reform of 542 AD having failed to streamline and simplify the rules of classical Roman law, it was left to the draftsmen of the codifications from the end of the eighteenth century onwards to tackle that task. Particularly influential were the French Code civil of 1804 and the Austrian Civil Code of 1811. Germany adopted the Austrian model of a ‘compulsory portion’ (ie a personal claim for the value of a part of the estate). Elsewhere the French model of ‘forced heirship’ (part of the testator’s property is reserved to his closest relatives) was extremely influential, although in modern times some of the Romanistic countries have changed from forced heirship to compulsory portion. The chapter also considers the post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the Nordic countries, and the codifications in the Americas. A number of lines of development can be traced in comparative perspective, among them a tendency to weaken the position of the deceased’s closest family members (by granting them merely a personal claim in money rather than the position of co-heirs, by reducing the quotas to which they are entitled, and by drawing the range of the deceased’s relatives entitled to mandatory protection more narrowly). The surviving spouse’s position, on the other hand, has been strengthened. Characteristic for a number of civilian legal systems is the endeavour in various ways to render to law of mandatory family protection more flexible. The implementation of the concept of a needs-based claim for maintenance is one of the devices attesting to the quest for increased flexibility.

scholarly journals Pegida as a European Far-Right Populist Movement

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Druxes ◽  
Patricia Anne Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Economic Expansion ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
East Bloc ◽  
Break Up ◽  
The Ideal

Historian Geoff Eley argues that the idea of Europe has contracted from the ideal of a pluralistic community with the potential to integrate cultural “Others” to a “narrowly understood market-defined geopolitical drive for the purposes of competitive globalization.” Global deregulation, he states, has produced streams of labor migrants and the tightening of Europe’s external borders, while the economic expansion of Europe to more member countries since 1992 has opened up new divisions and inequalities among them. Aftereffects from the break-up of the East bloc can be felt in the escalation of antiminority violence in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as “the smouldering slow burn of the legacies of colonialism” in Western Europe. These diverse pressures and anxieties coalesce on the spectral figure of the Islamic fundamentalist at Europe’s gates.

scholarly journals Features of ideological confrontation in the Jewish environment of Ukrainian society: customs against Khassid

2003 ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
V.S. Furkalo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
Inner World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The emergence of Hasidism as a mystical form of the Jewish tradition during the eighteenth century caused organizational divisions in Judaism. This split, which swept half of the Jewish world of Central and Eastern Europe, was largely caused by the extraordinary success of the new religious movement among the common people.Many researchers (S. Dubnov, I. Berlin, Z.Krupitsky, Sh. Gorodetsky, I. Epstein, Sh. Etinger) point to the attractiveness of Hasidism, which was, first and foremost, the over-accessibility of truths proclaimed by the followers of Boal-Shem- This (Beshta) is the founder of the movement. At least the use of moral and instructive sentiments, aphorisms, and even "legendary anecdotes" to express the ideas of Hasidic teachings and their outspoken propaganda among the commoners have made this new movement of the Jewish tradition popularized. Figuratively speaking, the Hasidim sought to fill the inner world of man with properly crafted mystical ideas.

scholarly journals The American Revolution and the Habsburg Monarchy

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Singerton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Impact

Jonathan Singerton’s is the first work to analyze the impact of the American Revolution in the Habsburg lands in full. He narrates how the Habsburg dynasty first received struggled with the news of the American Revolution and then how they sought to utilize their connections with a sovereign United States of America. Overall, Singerton recasts scholarly conceptions of the Atlantic World and also presents a more globalized view of the eighteenth-century Habsburg world, highlighting how the American call to liberty was answered in the remotest parts of central and eastern Europe but also showing how the United States failed to sway one of the largest, most powerful states in Europe onto its side in the War for American Independence.

Introduction

2005 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Marcin Wodziński
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Jewish Historiography ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
Polish Jews

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the conflict between representatives of the Jewish Enlightenment (the Haskalah) and its rival hasidic movement, which has been seen in the historical literature as one of the most important debates to occupy Jewish society in central and eastern Europe in the modern age. Indeed, the earliest studies devoted to this question made their appearance at the dawn of modern Jewish historiography. However, a closer reading of such studies reveals that the overwhelming majority of references to the ‘age-old hostility’ of enlightened Jews to hasidism are based on stereotypes that often obscure a proper understanding of the sources. This book analyses attitudes towards hasidism among a few famous representatives of the Polish Haskalah, from the first enlightened comments concerning hasidism at the end of the eighteenth century to the demise of the Haskalah and its successors at the start of the twentieth century. It also looks at the ideas, concepts, and prejudices of a broad section of the maskilim among Polish Jews.

scholarly journals Echoes of Medieval and Pre-Modern Animal Trials in the Interlude Declamatio sub forma iudicii (1735)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Anna Czarnowus
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
The West ◽  
High Culture ◽  
Animal Trials ◽  
Animal Trial

Declamatio sub forma judicii can be found in the Graudenz Codex (1731–1740). It is an interlude that jokingly reports an animal trial. The interlude is a humorous treatment of the historical trials on animals that continued from the Middle Ages to the eighteenth century. Onthe one hand, such eighteenth-century discussions of animal trials continued the medieval tradition. This would confirm the diagnosis about the existence of the “long Middle Ages”, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, where the cultural trends could be somehow belated in comparison to those in the West. On the other hand, perhaps writing about animal trials in the eighteenth century was already a form of medievalism. High culture propagated anthropocentrism in its thinking about animals, while folk culture entailed anthropomorphism. In animal trials animals are treated as subjects to the same regulations as humans, which means that they were seen as very much similar to humans. The eighteenth-century interlude recreates this tradition, but it is a source of satirical laughter.

Origins: Controversies over Hasidic Shtiblekh

2013 ◽  
pp. 42-76
Author(s):  
Marcin Wodziński
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
The Political ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
History Of

This chapter covers the prominence of the Jewish Question in the political debates of the last years of the Commonwealth, as well as in the later journalism of the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Poland regarding interests in hasidim. It analyzes the cradle of Polish Hasidism, Podolia and Volhynia, the south-eastern borderlands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where from the 1740s to 1760 the putative creator of the group, Israel ben Eliezer, also known as the Besht was active. Though Hasidism appeared in the lands of central Poland as early as the mid-eighteenth century, the governments that controlled these territories between 1772 and 1830 did not become aware of it until nearly the end of that period that the existence of hasidic groups became an issue in Jewish politics. It explains how the lack of official interest in Hasidism was caused by the very complicated general history of the states of central and eastern Europe at the start of the nineteenth century. The growing wave of interventions in issues related to Hasidism and the fact that the question of the legality of Hasidism became tied up with the issue of religious fraternities.

Local Governance in Central and Eastern Europe

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomila V. Lankina ◽  
Anneke Hudalla ◽  
Hellmut Wollmann
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Local Governance
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