scholarly journals Perkinsus marinus in the pleasure oyster Crassostrea corteziensis cultivated on the southeast coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-537
Author(s):  
Lizeth Carolina Villanueva-Fonseca ◽  
Manuel García-Ulloa ◽  
Melina López-Meyer ◽  
Brenda Paulina Villanueva-Fonseca ◽  
Juan Antonio Hernández-Sepúlveda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Eastern Oyster ◽  
Perkinsus Marinus ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Southeast Coast ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Oyster Farms ◽  
Crassostrea Corteziensis

The protozoan Perkinsus marinus has been associated with high mortality episodes of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica in the USA. The presence of P. marinus on the pleasure oyster Crassostrea corteziensis cultivated in two estuaries on the southeast coast of the Gulf of California was evaluated. Oysters were collected monthly (September 2016 to September 2017) and analyzed using Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Water parameters and oyster biometrics were also recorded. Pathogen prevalence increased over time from 0 to 100% in oysters from La Pitahaya, and from 0 to 83.33% in those from Bacorehuis. At both oyster farms, infection intensity was light (<1×104 parasites g-1 wet tissue), pathogen prevalence and infection intensity were correlated with oyster size and weight, and there was a strong correlation between P. marinus prevalence and intensity (La Pitahaya r = 0.91; Bacorehuis r = 0.82). The oysters that resulted positive for P. marinus by RFTM also were assayed using PCR. P. marinus presence was confirmed in 98.27% (114/116) of the oysters from La Pitahaya, and 95.83% (46/48) of those from Bacorehuis. The detection of P. marinus confirms that this pathogen is well established in the area with high expression during the warmer season. Despite the light infection intensity of this parasite at both sites, health surveillance of this bivalve in the region is highly advisable.

scholarly journals Report of presumptive Perkinsus sp. hypnospores in Megapitaria squalida of the Gulf of California with the thioglycollate staining technique

2020 ◽  
pp. e1805
Author(s):  
Manuel Garcia-Ulloa Gomez ◽  
Lizeth C. Villanueva-Fonseca ◽  
Pedro Sandoval-Rivera ◽  
Juan A. Hernández-Sepúlveda ◽  
Ana L. Domínguez-Orozco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
New Host ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
First Time

Objective. To detect the presence of presumptive hypnospores of the protozoan Perkinsus sp. in a wild population of the Mexican chocolata clam Megapitaria squalida in the southeastern Gulf of California, using Ray´s fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM). Material and methods. Thirty specimens with size between 56.17 and 69.04 mm were captured each month, during an annual cycle. Infection prevalence and intensity and water parameters were recorded monthly from September 2012 to September 2013. Results. Perkinsus sp. was detected in tissue samples from the Mexican chocolate clam using the RFTM test by the presence of dark round corpuscles that represent parasite´s hypnospores. Monthly samplings revealed a prevalence of 0-43.33% and an infection intensity ranging from 1 to 4 (no infection = 0 hypnospores/entire preparation, to moderate = 34 hypnospores/entire preparation). Conclusions. Perkinsus sp. is reported for the first time in a wild population of M. squalida in the southesternmost Gulf of California. The results indicate that this protozoan is dispersed intraspecifically and would now, potentially, parasiting a new host in the region.

scholarly journals A rapid phenotype change in the pathogen Perkinsus marinus was associated with a historically significant marine disease emergence in the eastern oyster

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan B. Carnegie ◽  
Susan E. Ford ◽  
Rita K. Crockett ◽  
Peter R. Kingsley-Smith ◽  
Lydia M. Bienlien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Eastern Oyster ◽  
Perkinsus Marinus ◽  
Novel Ecosystem ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Exotic Pathogen ◽  
Dermo Disease

AbstractThe protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus, which causes dermo disease in Crassostrea virginica, is one of the most ecologically important and economically destructive marine pathogens. The rapid and persistent intensification of dermo in the USA in the 1980s has long been enigmatic. Attributed originally to the effects of multi-year drought, climatic factors fail to fully explain the geographic extent of dermo’s intensification or the persistence of its intensified activity. Here we show that emergence of a unique, hypervirulent P. marinus phenotype was associated with the increase in prevalence and intensity of this disease and associated mortality. Retrospective histopathology of 8355 archival oysters from 1960 to 2018 spanning Chesapeake Bay, South Carolina, and New Jersey revealed that a new parasite phenotype emerged between 1983 and 1990, concurrent with major historical dermo disease outbreaks. Phenotypic changes included a shortening of the parasite’s life cycle and a tropism shift from deeper connective tissues to digestive epithelia. The changes are likely adaptive with regard to the reduced oyster abundance and longevity faced by P. marinus after rapid establishment of exotic pathogen Haplosporidium nelsoni in 1959. Our findings, we hypothesize, illustrate a novel ecosystem response to a marine parasite invasion: an increase in virulence in a native parasite.

scholarly journals Molecular evidence of the protozoan parasite Marteilia refringens in Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea corteziensis from the Gulf of California

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 776-780
Author(s):  
José Manuel Grijalva-Chon ◽  
Reina Castro-Longoria ◽  
Tania Lizbeth Enríquez-Espinoza ◽  
Alfonso Nivardo Maeda-Martínez ◽  
Fernando Mendoza-Cano
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Exotic Pathogens ◽  
Oyster Farms ◽  
Farming Industry ◽  
Crassostrea Corteziensis

The search for exotic pathogens related to the outbreaks and in surveillance samplings of the Mexican oyster farms, is a recent activity achieved by academic institutions and state committees for Aquatic Animal Health, with remarkable results. In samples of Crassostrea gigas collected through December 2009, January 2010 and November 2010, and of C. corteziensis in September 2011, the protozoan Marteilia refringens was detected for the first time in the Gulf of California. The carrier oysters were from cultures without abnormal mortality rates, whereby, the use of histology, in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy studies are necessary to determine if M. refringens has become established in the Gulf of California oyster cultures. Detection of M. refringens is of great concern to the global oyster farming industry.

Diseases and parasites of wild and cultivated mussels along the Patagonian coast of Argentina, southwest Atlantic Ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
N Vázquez ◽  
A Frizzera ◽  
F Cremonte
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Southwest Atlantic ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Habitat Factors ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence ◽  
Patagonian Coast ◽  
Ecological Habitat ◽  
Cultivated Populations

A histological survey of the commercially edible mussels Mytilus platensis and M. chilensis from wild and cultivated populations along the coast of Patagonia, Argentina (42°00’ to 54°47’S), was carried out to determine their health status. Diagnostic results included 3 types of inflammatory responses (infiltrative, nodular, and encapsulation), disseminated neoplasia disease, 2 abnormal reproductive conditions (gonadal atresia and intersex), prokaryotic inclusions, protozoans, and metazoans. Pathogen prevalence and infection intensity among mussels of different sampling sites and between those of wild and cultivated populations were compared. Inflammatory responses were recorded in all mussels from all sites, while disseminated neoplasia only occurred in the most southern cultivated M. chilensis. Intracellular prokaryotic inclusions were broadly distributed in the mussels from both northern and southern Patagonian coasts. Ciliates showed the highest prevalence among wild mussels from the colder waters of Bahía Brown. Turbellaria were recorded at higher prevalence in cultured mussels (41.7%), and trematode metacercariae occurred exclusively in intertidal wild mussels. None of the parasites found appears to be a problem to the fishery or farming, although disseminated neoplasia should be monitored. In addition, we found that mytilid species coexisting with M. platensis (Aulacomya atra and Perumytilus purpuratus) at one location shared the same pathological conditions and parasites, which differed from those of M. platensis at a distant locality. These results suggest that pathological conditions and parasites were influenced more by ecological habitat factors than by the species of mussels present, based on similar parasite assemblages found among closely related mytilid hosts in the same geographical area.

Host oyster tissue extracts modulate in vitro protease expression and cellular differentiation in the protozoan parasite, Perkinsus marinus

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. MACINTYRE ◽  
C. G. EARNHART ◽  
S. L. KAATTARI
Keyword(s):  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Eastern Oyster ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
Oyster Tissue ◽  
Perkinsus Marinus ◽  
Tissue Extracts

Perkinsus marinus is responsible for a chronic disease (Dermo) of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. In order to simulate the in vivo environment more closely, a chemically defined medium (JL-ODRP-3) was supplemented with tissue homogenate extracts or plasma from oysters possessing varying degrees of susceptibility to P. marinus infection. In media supplemented with extracts from highly susceptible oysters (C. virginica), P. marinus cells secreted elevated amounts of a set of low molecular weight serine proteases (LMP: 30–45 kDa) as assessed by enhanced digestion within gelatin-substrate SDS–PAGE gels. Oyster species of low susceptibility (C. gigas and C. ariakensis) did not exhibit this ability to upregulate P. marinus LMP expression. Oyster extract supplementation also led to pronounced changes in P. marinus cellular morphology, such that the cells were comparable to those observed within naturally infected oysters.

scholarly journals Multiple drug resistance in hookworms infecting greyhound dogs in the USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo D. Jimenez Castro ◽  
Abhinaya Venkatesan ◽  
Elizabeth Redman ◽  
Rebecca Chen ◽  
Abigail Malatesta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Β Tubulin

AbstractThe hookworm Ancylostoma caninum is the most prevalent nematode parasite of dogs. Recently, we confirmed multiple-drug resistance (MDR) in several A. caninum isolates to all anthelmintic drug classes approved for the treatment of hookworms in dogs in the United States (USA). Cases of MDR hookworms appear to be highly overrepresented in greyhounds, suggesting that the MDR worms evolved on racing greyhound farms/kennels. The aims of this study were to evaluate the range of drug-resistant phenotypes and genotypes of the A. caninum infecting greyhounds. Fecal samples from recently retired greyhounds originating from geographically diverse areas of the USA were acquired from two greyhound adoption kennels, one active greyhound racing kennel, and three veterinary practices that work with adoption kennels. Fecal egg counts (FECs) were performed on fecal samples from 219 greyhounds, and despite almost all the dogs having been treated with one or more anthelmintics in the previous two to four weeks, the mean FEC was 822.4 eggs per gram (EPG). Resistance to benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones were measured using the egg hatch assay (EHA) and the larval development assay (LDA) respectively. We performed 23 EHA and 22 LDA on either individual or pooled feces, representing 81 animals. Mean and median IC50 and IC95 values for the EHA were 5.3 uM, 3.6 uM, and 24.5 uM, 23.4 uM respectively. For the LDA, mean and median IC50 values were 749.8 nM, >1000 nM respectively. These values range from 62 to 68 times higher than those we measured in our susceptible laboratory isolates. Pre-treatment fecal samples could not be obtained, however, post-treatment samples representing 219 greyhounds were collected. For samples collected <10 days post-treatment with albendazole, moxidectin, or a combination of febantel-pyrantel-moxidectin, the mean FEC were 349, 333, and 835 EPG, respectively. Samples collected 10-21 days post-treatment with albendazole, moxidectin, or pyrantel, yielded mean FEC of 1874, 335, and 600 EPG, respectively. Samples collected >21 days post-treatment with albendazole or moxidectin yielded mean FEC of 1819 and 1117 EPG, respectively. We obtained DNA from hookworm eggs isolated from 70 fecal samples, comprised of 60 individual dogs and 10 pools from multiple dogs. Deep sequencing of the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene revealed the presence of the F167Y (TTC>TAC) resistance polymorphism in 99% of these samples, with 69% having ≥75% resistant allele frequency. No resistance-associated polymorphisms were seen at any of the other β-tubulin codons previously reported as associated with benzimidazole resistance in Strongylid nematodes. These clinical, in vitro, and genetic data provide strong evidence that racing and recently retired greyhound dogs in the USA are infected with MDR A. caninum at very high levels in terms of both prevalence and infection intensity.

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