scholarly journals A cytogenetic study of three parasitic wasp species (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae, Trichogrammatidae) from Brazil using chromosome morphometrics and base-specific fluorochrome staining

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir E. Gokhman ◽  
Fabricio Fagundes Pereira ◽  
Marco Antonio Costa
Keyword(s):  
Cytogenetic Study ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Wasp Species

scholarly journals Native parasitoids and their potential to control the invasive leafminer,Cameraria ohridellaDESCH. & DIM. (Lep.: Gracillariidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Klug ◽  
R. Meyhöfer ◽  
M. Kreye ◽  
M. Hommes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Native Parasitoids ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Pnigalio Agraules ◽  
Potential Efficiency

AbstractIn spite of the fact that since the end of the eighties, the horse chestnut leafminer,Cameraria ohridella, has established itself throughout Europe, native predators such as ants and birds are not attuned to this neozoic species. In contrast, several parasitic wasp species already started to exploit the invasive horse chestnut leafminer, but until now parasitation rates are quite low, mainly because of asynchrony in the lifecycles of parasitoids and host. Only the removal of leaf litter, in which pupae hibernate, is at the moment a strategy to reduce the infestation level in the next year. Unfortunately, not only hibernating horse chestnut leafminers but also parasitoids are removed, and important resources for biocontrol are unused. In the current study, we investigated the potential efficiency of the horse chestnut leafminer parasitoid complex extracted from leaf litter in defined environments. Parasitoids were released at different densities to investigate density dependence in parasitation rates.Although seven different species were released in our experiments, onlyPnigalio agraulesturned out to be responsible for biocontrol ofC. ohridella. We recorded parasitation rates of up to 35%. Overall, parasitation rates were independent of the leafminer density but increased fourfold if ten times more parasitoid individuals were released. Unfortunately, none of the parasitoid species could be established in the experimental units in the long run. Results are compared to other parasitoid-leafminer systems, and promotion of horse chestnut leafminer parasitoids to support natural selection and biological control of the horse chestnut leafminer is discussed.

CREB expression in the brains of two closely related parasitic wasp species that differ in long-term memory formation

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Den Berg ◽  
P. Verbaarschot ◽  
S. Hontelez ◽  
L. E. M. Vet ◽  
M. Dicke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A PATERNALLY INHERITED EXTRACHROMOSOMAL FACTOR

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-233
Author(s):  
John H Werren ◽  
Johannes van den Assem
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Cytoplasmic Factor ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Maternal Line ◽  
Intragenomic Conflict

ABSTRACT Virtually all known cases of extrachromosomal inheritance involve cytoplasmic inheritance through the maternal line. Recently, a paternally transmitted factor that causes the production of all-male families has been discovered in a parasitic wasp. The wasp has haplodiploid sex determination: male offspring are haploid and usually develop from unfertilized eggs, whereas females are diploid and usually develop from fertilized eggs. It has been postulated that this paternal sex-ratio factor (psr) is either (1) an infectious agent (a venereal disease) that is transmitted to the female reproductive tract during copulation with an infected male and, subsequently, causes all-male families or (2) a male cytoplasmic factor that is transmitted by sperm to eggs upon egg fertilization and, somehow, causes loss of the paternal set of chromosomes.—Experimental evidence is presented which shows that the factor requires egg fertilization for transmission to the next generation; therefore, it is likely to be a cytoplasmic factor. Significant potential intragenomic conflict results from the presence of this factor and two other sex-ratio distorters in this wasp species.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers for DNA fingerprinting and genetic variability assessment of minute parasitic wasp species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae) used in biological control programs of phytophagous insects

Genome ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit S. Landry ◽  
Louise Dextraze ◽  
Guy Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Dna Fingerprinting ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Traditional Taxonomy

Biological control of insects that feed on our crops has become more practical in recent years by mass release of egg parasitoid microhymenoptera. Trichogramma species are now commercially reared and spread in commercial fields to control specific insect pests. Microhymenoptera species are, however, very small and morphologically indistinguishable within species, although strains of a given species differ in their efficiency to control specific insect pests. Traditional taxonomy is unable to differentiate microhymenoptera species at the strain level. It is becoming increasingly important to develop a reliable system to monitor genetic variations both within and between strains of commercially important microhymenoptera, to detect genetic drift occurring during several generations of multiplication, to protect patents, and to certify the lots of commercially released microhymenoptera. We have developed a system based on DNA markers to rapidly characterize individuals of five species of microhymenoptera from the genus Anaphes and Trichogramma including a new species of Anaphes not previously described. The main components of our system are a rapid and simple DNA micro-extraction method and fast DNA polymorphism analyses based on random amplified polymorphic DNA markers.Key words: genetic mapping, population genetics, Anaphes spp., Trichogramma spp., RAPD, DNA markers, DNA fingerprinting.

scholarly journals Biological relevance unites, semantics divides: a comment on Ruther et al (2021)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertanne Visser ◽  
Cécile Le Lann ◽  
Caroline M. Nieberding ◽  
Mark Lammers ◽  
Daniel A. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Adult Feeding

Ruther et al (2021) evaluated fatty acid synthesis in several parasitic wasp species to test if the general finding that lipogenesis in parasitoids is lacking is upheld (Visser et al 2010 PNAS). As proposed by Visser & Ellers (2008), parasitoids can readily assimilate the triglyceride stores produced by their host. When large triglyceride stores are carried over from larval feeding into adulthood (i.e., up to 30 to 40% of the parasitoid’s dry body weight; Visser et al., 2018, 2021), de novo lipid synthesis from adult feeding is either unnecessary or too costly to maintain, leading to trait loss (Ellers et al., 2012). To test the hypothesis that many parasitoids do not synthesize substantial quantities of fat stores as adults, a previous study used feeding experiments on a wide taxonomic range of insects, including parasitoid wasps, parasitoid flies, a parasitoid beetle, and 65 non-parasitoid species (Visser et al., 2010 and references therein). What is striking is that when compared to non-parasitoid insects, 24 out of 29 evolutionarily distinct parasitoid lineages (Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera; Visser et al., 2010) did not accumulate significant lipid quantities in adulthood even when fed surplus carbohydrates. When little to no lipids are synthesized de novo by adult parasitoid wasps, this can lead to significant constraints on energy allocation toward key adult functions, such as maintenance, dispersal, and reproduction (Jervis et al., 2008). To our minds, the most important question is ‘why don’t parasitoids accumulate substantial quantities of fat as adults like other insects do, and what does this mean for their life histories?’

scholarly journals Quantifying the unquantifiable: why Hymenoptera – not Coleoptera – is the most speciose animal order

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Forbes ◽  
Robin K. Bagley ◽  
Marc A. Beer ◽  
Alaine C. Hippee ◽  
Heather A. Widmayer
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Parasitic Wasps ◽  
Logical Model ◽  
Wasp Species

AbstractBackgroundWe challenge the oft-repeated claim that the beetles (Coleoptera) are the most species-rich order of animals. Instead, we assert that another order of insects, the Hymenoptera, are more speciose, due in large part to the massively diverse but relatively poorly known parasitoid wasps. The idea that the beetles have more species than other orders is primarily based on their respective collection histories and the relative availability of taxonomic resources, which both disfavor parasitoid wasps. Though it is unreasonable to directly compare numbers of described species in each order, the ecology of parasitic wasps – specifically, their intimate interactions with their hosts – allows for estimation of relative richness. We present a simple logical model that shows how the specialization of many parasitic wasps on their hosts suggests few scenarios in which there would be more beetle species than parasitic wasp species. We couple this model with an accounting of what we call the “genus-specific parasitoid-host ratio” from four well-studied genera of insect hosts, a metric by which to generate extremely conservative estimates of the average number of parasitic wasp species attacking a given beetle or other insect host species. Synthesis of our model with data from real host systems suggests that the Hymenoptera may have 2.5 - 3.2× more species than the Coleoptera. While there are more described species of beetles than all other animals, the Hymenoptera are almost certainly the larger order.

scholarly journals Species-specific acquisition and consolidation of long-term memory in parasitic wasps

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1617) ◽  
pp. 1539-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans M Smid ◽  
Guohong Wang ◽  
Tibor Bukovinszky ◽  
Johannes L.M Steidle ◽  
Maartje A.K Bleeker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Cotesia Glomerata ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Spaced Learning ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Learning Trials

Long-term memory (LTM) formation usually requires repeated, spaced learning events and is achieved by the synthesis of specific proteins. Other memory forms require a single learning experience and are independent of protein synthesis. We investigated in two closely related parasitic wasp species, Cotesia glomerata and Cotesia rubecula , whether natural differences in foraging behaviour are correlated with differences in LTM acquisition and formation. These parasitic wasp species lay their eggs in young caterpillars of pierid butterflies and can learn to associate plant odours with a successful egg laying experience on caterpillars on the odour-producing plant. We used a classical conditioning set-up, while interfering with LTM formation through translation or transcription inhibitors. We show here that C. rubecula formed LTM after three spaced learning trials, whereas C. glomerata required only a single trial for LTM formation. After three spaced learning trials, LTM formation was complete within 4 h in C. glomerata , whereas in C. rubecula , LTM formation took 3 days. Linking neurobiology with ecology, we argue that this species-specific difference in LTM acquisition and formation is adaptive given the extreme differences in both the number of foraging decisions of the two wasp species and in the spatial distributions of their respective hosts in nature.

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