scholarly journals Simultaneous percussion by the larvae of a stem-nesting solitary bee – a collaborative defence strategy against parasitoid wasps?

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 143-164
Author(s):  
Andreas Müller ◽  
Martin K. Obrist
Keyword(s):  
Linear Series ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Second Sound ◽  
Solitary Bee ◽  
Sound Analysis ◽  
Defence Strategy

Disturbance sounds to deter antagonists are widespread among insects but have never been recorded for the larvae of bees. Here, we report on the production of disturbance sounds by the postdefecating larva (“prepupa”) of the Palaearctic osmiine bee Hoplitis (Alcidamea) tridentata, which constructs linear series of brood cells in excavated burrows in pithy plant stems. Upon disturbance, the prepupa produces two types of sounds, one of which can be heard up to a distance of 2–3 m (“stroking sounds”), whereas the other is scarcely audible by bare ear (“tapping sounds”). To produce the stroking sounds, the prepupa rapidly pulls a horseshoe-shaped callosity around the anus one to five times in quick succession over the cocoon wall before it starts to produce tapping sounds by knocking a triangularly shaped callosity on the clypeus against the cocoon wall in long uninterrupted series of one to four knocks per second. Sound analysis revealed that the stroking sounds consist of several syllables, which are very similar to the single syllables of the tapping sounds: both last about 0.5 ms and spread over 40 kHz bandwidth from the audible far into the ultrasonic range. The production of stroking sounds by a prepupa induces other prepupae of the same nest to stroke and/or to tap resulting in a long-lasting and simultaneous albeit unsynchronized percussion by numerous prepupae along the whole nest stem. We hypothesize that these disturbance sounds serve an anti-antagonist function and that they have evolved to disturb the reflectance signals that parasitoid wasps use to localize concealed hosts during vibrational sounding.

Clinical course of atrial septal defect in children

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Han ◽  
José A. Ettedgui ◽  
James R. Zuberbuhier
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Septal Defect ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Spontaneous Closure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Sound ◽  
Ventricular Enlargement ◽  
Flow Ratio ◽  
Large Flow

AbstractThe incidence of spontaneous closure of uncomplicated defects of the oval fossa was determined in cohort of 498 children. Surgical repair was accomplished in 428 at a median age of 4.5 years. Of the 70 who did not undergo surgery, 20 showed spontaneous closure or a decrease in size of the defect. The defect was unchanged in the other 50. The age at diagnosis, pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio and size of the defect were not statistically significantly different in the changed and unchanged groups, and there was no difference in prevalence of symptoms, the triad of systolic and diastolic murmurs and abnormal splitting of the second sound, or of right ventricular enlargement by echocardiography. The rate of spontaneous diminution in size or actual closure of a defect in this series was 4%, and no clinical predictor of change in the size of a defect was identified. Thus, delay in repair of a large flow atrial septal defect in the hope of spontaneous closure is not justified, whether or not symptoms are present.

scholarly journals Diverse RNA Viruses Discovered in Three Parasitoid Wasps of the Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Wang ◽  
Bo Yuan ◽  
Shan Xiao ◽  
Jiao Zhang ◽  
Wenxi Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rice Weevil ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intergenic Sequences ◽  
Complete Genomes

ABSTRACT In this study, many virus-like fragments were obtained from transcriptomes of three wasp species, including Anisopteromalus calandrae (8), Lariophagus distinguendus (3), and Theocolax elegans (18), which can parasitize and control rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae, a serious insect pest of farm-stored grains. By further bioinformatic analysis and sequencing, we identified six novel RNA viruses with complete genomes and named them WWPSRV-1, WWPSRV-2, AcPSRV-1, AcNSRV-1, AcNSRV-2, and LdNSRV-1. PCR-based detection revealed that WWPSRV-1 and WWPSRV-2 had the possibility of interspecies virus transmission, especially WWPSRV-2, which was also present in the rice weevil adults. Phylogenetically, three out of these six viruses appeared to be members of order Picornavirales: WWPSRV-1 belonged to unassigned virus families of this order, whereas WWPSRV-2 and AcPSRV-1 belonged to families Iflaviridae and Dicistroviridae, respectively. The conserved picornavirus-typical domains helicase, protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase could be found in the nonstructural protein encoded by the three viruses, whose genomes consisted of the different numbers of open reading frames (ORFs). The other three RNA viruses could be classified to order Mononegavirales: AcNSRV-1 and AcNSRV-2 belonged to family Lispiviridae, whereas LdNSRV-1 belonged to a big family Rhabdoviridae. The genomes of the three viruses contained at least five ORFs, encoding deduced proteins in the following order: 3′-N-P-M-G-L-5′. All the ORFs were separated by conserved intergenic sequences which likely regulated the transcription termination and initiation. Our findings enhance the understanding of RNA viruses in weevil wasps and set the foundation for the future study of the association among weevils, weevil wasps, and RNA viruses. IMPORTANCE The enormous diversity of RNA viruses in insects is continuously validated. Parasitoid wasps, as biocontrol insects which are widely used against insect pests in agroecosystems, may also carry many “good” RNA viruses. Some RNA viruses in parasitoid wasps have been reported to affect the host wasps or the wasps’ host. Here, six novel RNA viruses with complete genomes were identified in three parasitoid wasps of the rice weevil. One of these viruses was also detected in the rice weevil adults. Phylogenetically, WWPSRV-1 was the first unambiguous detection of Nora-like virus in insect parasitoids. WWPSRV-2 and AcPSRV-1 belong to families Iflaviridae and Dicistroviridae, some viruses of which can result in lethal infections in silkworms and honeybees. The other three RNA viruses belong to order Mononegavirales, which comprises many well-known insect-associated viruses.

scholarly journals The United States Motivation in Having Cyber Security Cooperation With China

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Devi Purwanti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Information Assurance ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
Defence Strategy ◽  
Cyber Conflict ◽  
Bilateral Collaboration

The United States and China had conducted cyber cooperation since 2011. But in 2013, both states were involved in the cyber conflict that made the previous cyber collaboration had been ineffective. After that, in 2015, both states agreed to re-form cyber cooperation. This study aims to analyse the United States' motivation in conducting cyber partnerships with China using the cybersecurity concept. This research has discovered at the national level, the United States tried to achieve its information assurance through cyber defence strategy by strengthening collaboration. On the other hand, at the international level, norm construction through bilateral collaboration has made the United States become an impactful actor in international cybersecurity.

scholarly journals On the supposed development of the animal tissues from cells

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 467-468
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cellular Tissue ◽  
Linear Series ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Solid Substance ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Fatty Matter ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Foetal Life

The author controverts the prevailing theory of the developement of animal tissues from cells, and denies the accuracy of the microscopical observations on which that theory is founded, as regards the anatomy of the adult as well as of the fœtal tissues. He asserts that at no period of fœtal life can rows of cells be discovered in the act of transformation into muscular fibres: and lie denies that these fibres increase either in length or in thickness by the deposition o new cells. He contends that the ultimate filaments of muscles, as well as all the other tissues of the body, arc formed from the fibrinous portion of the blood, which is itself composed of globules that are disposed to cohere together, either in a linear series, so as to form a net-work of fine filaments, or in aggregated masses of a form more or less globular, composing what have been termed fibrinous corpuscles. These corpuscles have been considered to be the nuclei of cells; but the author regards them as being merely accidental fragments of broken down tissues, adhering to the filaments, and noways concerned in their developement. The more regularly disposed granules, which are observed to occupy the spaces intervening between the filaments composing the ordinary cellular tissue, he considers as being fatty matter deposited within these spaces. He, in like manner, regards the observations tending to show the cellular origin of the fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissues, as altogether fallacious; and maintains that the cells, which these animal textures exhibit when viewed under the microscope, are simply spaces occurring in the more solid substance of these structures, like the cavities which exist in bread. These views are pursued by the author in discussing the formation of the skin, the blood-vessels, and the nerves, and in controverting the theory of secretion, founded on the action of the interior surfaces of the membranes constituting cells.

The Tymbal Mechanism and Song Patterns of the Bladder Cicada, Cystosoma Saundersii

1978 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER SIMMONS ◽  
DAVID YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurone ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Second Sound ◽  
Female Song ◽  
Protest Songs ◽  
Courtship Songs ◽  
Sound Pulses

1. In Cystosoma saundersii sound is generated by collapse of a pair of tymbals and radiated by a large, resonant, air-filled abdomen. Each tymbal comprises a flexible, biconvex membrane bearing seven long ribs. Tymbal collapse is caused by contraction of a large tymbal muscle, which acts on the tymbal plate. Each tymbal muscle is innervated by one motor neurone. 2. A single collapse of a tymbal produces two distinct pulses of sound, one when rib 1 buckles and one when ribs 2-4 buckle. A quieter sound is produced when the ribs click outwards. 3. A slowly contracting tensor muscle increases the convexity and stiffness of the tymbal, resulting in a reduction in the delay between the first and second sound pulse and in louder pulses. 4. Protest songs contain features of other songs. There is a delay between the spike in one tymbal motor neurone and its partner, and hence between sound produced by one tymbal and the other, of one-quarter of the interval between spikes in one motor neurone alone. 5. Calling songs are produced by males at dusk. Sound pulses have a smooth envelope and are very loud as a result of contraction of the tensor muscles and extension of the abdomen. 6. Courtship songs are triggered in a calling male by the presence of a female. Song is quite quiet, and broken into short chirps.

scholarly journals Temporal Loudness Weights Are Frequency Specific

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Fischenich ◽  
Jan Hots ◽  
Jesko Verhey ◽  
Daniel Oberfeld
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Band ◽  
Band 3 ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Sound ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Lower Frequency Band

Previous work showed that the beginning of a sound is more important for the perception of loudness than later parts. When a short silent gap of sufficient duration is inserted into a sound, this primacy effect reoccurs in the second sound part after the gap. The present study investigates whether this temporal weighting occurs independently for different frequency bands. Sounds consisting of two bandpass noises were presented in four different conditions: (1) a simultaneous gap in both bands, (2) a gap in only the lower frequency band, (3) a gap in only the higher frequency band, or (4) no gap. In all conditions, the temporal loudness weights showed a primacy effect at sound onset. For the frequency bands without a gap, the temporal weights decreased gradually across time, regardless of whether the other frequency band did or did not contain a gap. When a frequency band contained a gap, the weight at the onset of this band after the gap was increased. This reoccurrence of the primacy effect following the gap was again largely independent of whether or not the other band contained a gap. Thus, the results indicate that the temporal loudness weights are frequency specific.

Stromatoporoids from the Famennian (Devonian) Wabamun Formation, Normandville oilfield, north–central Alberta, Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin W. Stearn
Keyword(s):  
Patch Reef ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
North Central ◽  
Biotic Crisis

Stromatoporoids are the principal framebuilding organisms in the patch reef that is part of the reservoir of the Normandville field. The reef is 10 m thick and 1.5 km2in area and demonstrates that stromatoporoids retained their ability to build reefal edifices into Famennian time despite the biotic crisis at the close of Frasnian time. The fauna is dominated by labechiids but includes three non-labechiid species. The most abundant species isStylostroma sinense(Dong) butLabechia palliseriStearn is also common. Both these species are highly variable and are described in terms of multiple phases that occur in a single skeleton. The other species described areClathrostromacf.C. jukkenseYavorsky,Gerronostromasp. (a columnar species), andStromatoporasp. The fauna belongs in Famennian/Strunian assemblage 2 as defined by Stearn et al. (1988).

D. The Line Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 207-244
Author(s):  
R. P. Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Variable Stars ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Afternoon Session ◽  
Empirical Information ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
Almost Continuous ◽  
Informal Approach

(Ed. note:Encouraged by the success of the more informal approach in Christy's presentation, we tried an even more extreme experiment in this session, I-D. In essence, Kraft held the floor continuously all morning, and for the hour and a half afternoon session, serving as a combined Summary-Introductory speaker and a marathon-moderator of a running discussion on the line spectrum of cepheids. There was almost continuous interruption of his presentation; and most points raised from the floor were followed through in detail, no matter how digressive to the main presentation. This approach turned out to be much too extreme. It is wearing on the speaker, and the other members of the symposium feel more like an audience and less like participants in a dissective discussion. Because Kraft presented a compendious collection of empirical information, and, based on it, an exceedingly novel series of suggestions on the cepheid problem, these defects were probably aggravated by the first and alleviated by the second. I am much indebted to Kraft for working with me on a preliminary editing, to try to delete the side-excursions and to retain coherence about the main points. As usual, however, all responsibility for defects in final editing is wholly my own.)

C. The Continuous Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 177-206
Author(s):  
J. B. Oke ◽  
C. A. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
Velocity Fields ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Thermodynamic Structure ◽  
Diagnostic Interpretation ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
The Continuum

Pecker:The topic to be considered today is the continuous spectrum of certain stars, whose variability we attribute to a pulsation of some part of their structure. Obviously, this continuous spectrum provides a test of the pulsation theory to the extent that the continuum is completely and accurately observed and that we can analyse it to infer the structure of the star producing it. The continuum is one of the two possible spectral observations; the other is the line spectrum. It is obvious that from studies of the continuum alone, we obtain no direct information on the velocity fields in the star. We obtain information only on the thermodynamic structure of the photospheric layers of these stars–the photospheric layers being defined as those from which the observed continuum directly arises. So the problems arising in a study of the continuum are of two general kinds: completeness of observation, and adequacy of diagnostic interpretation. I will make a few comments on these, then turn the meeting over to Oke and Whitney.

Observing programme for the 24-inch/36-inch Schmidt telescope

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Schmidt Telescope ◽  
Flint Glass

A new 24-inch/36-inch//3 Schmidt telescope, made by C. Zeiss, Jena, has been installed since 30 August 1962, at the N. Copernicus University Observatory in Toruń. It is equipped with two objective prisms, used separately, one of crown the other of flint glass, each of 5° refracting angle, giving dispersions of 560Å/mm and 250Å/ mm respectively.

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