scholarly journals Cladistic analysis of Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae): a new subgeneric classification

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 253-283
Author(s):  
Rogério Botion Lopes ◽  
James M. Carpenter ◽  
Fernando Barbosa Noll
Keyword(s):  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Phylogenetic Incongruence ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Species Groups

Zethus is the largest genus in Vespidae with over 270 species. It is currently divided into four subgenera: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethoides), Z. (Zethusculus) and Z. (Madecazethus). While the last three are restricted to certain biogeographic areas, the first is spread through western and eastern hemispheres. Studies have shown possible phylogenetic incongruence regarding this current division and even raised the possibility of paraphyly in the genus. To evaluate this classification, morphological pasimony analyses under implied weights was carried out, examining external morphology and male genitalia. Analyses showed paraphyly of the genus under various “k” values and paraphyly of two subgenera. Ischnocoelia and Ctenochilus are lowered to subgenera of Zethus. Zethus (Madecazethus) is no longer restricted to Malagasy species and now includes those of the African continent as well. Zethus (Zethastrum)subg. nov. is defined for Oriental representatives. Z. (Zethus) is subdivided into three subgenera: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Didymogastra) and Z. (Wettsteinia). Zethus (Zethusculus) and Z. (Zethoides) are monophyletic and hold their status as subgenera. Three species-groups are Incertae sedis: Z. albopictus, Z. pallidus and Z. spinosus.

Revision of the Australian ants of the genus Monomorium (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Heterick
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
South American ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Species Inquirenda ◽  
Species Groups

The Australian ants of the genus Monomorium are revised. Fifty-nine species are recognised. Of these, 41 are described as new: Monomorium aithoderum, M. albipes, M. anderseni, M. anthracinum, M. arenarium, M. bifidum, M. bihamatum, M. brachythrix, M. burchera, M. capito, M. carinatum, M. castaneum, M. crinitum, M. decuria, M. disetigerum, M. draculai, M. durokoppinense, M. elegantulum, M. eremophilum, M. euryodon, M. flavonigrum, M. lacunosum, M. legulus, M. longinode, M. macarthuri, M. majeri, M. megalops, M. micula, M. nanum, M. nightcapense, M. nigriceps, M. parantarcticum, M. petiolatum, M. pubescens, M. ravenshoense, M. rufonigrum, M. shattucki, M. silaceum, M. stictonotum, M. striatifrons, and M. xantheklemma. Thirteen species pass into synonymy: M. armstrongi with M. whitei, M. broomense and M. ilia with M. laeve, M. donisthorpeiand M. fraterculus with M. fieldi, M. flavipes and M. insularis with M. leae, M. foreli with M. sordidum, M. howense with M. tambourinense, M. macareaveyi with M. bicorne, M. sanguinolentum with M. rubriceps, M. subapterum with M. rothsteini, and M. turneri withM. gilberti. Sixteen infraspecific forms are also synonymised: M. kilianii obscurelluminto M. kilianii, M. laeve nigriusand M. laeve fraterculus into M. fieldi, M. ilia lamingtonensisinto M. laeve, M. rothsteini humilior, M. rothsteini leda, M. rothsteini doddi and M. subapterum bogischi into M. rothsteini, M. rothsteini squamigena, M. rothsteini tostum and M. sordidum nigriventris into M. sordidum, M. fraterculus barretti and M. sydneyense nigella into M. sydneyense, M. gilberti mediorubra into M. gilberti, and M. rubriceps cinctumand M. rubriceps rubrum into M. rubriceps. Seventeen species and one subspecies are unchanged. Monomorium kiliani reverts to M. kilianii, M. kilianii tambourinenseis raised to species status, M. occidaneus is here treated as a species inquirenda, and M. flavigaster is removed from the genus Monomorium. Since the generic status of the latter taxon is uncertain, M. flavigaster is here regarded as incertae sedis. The supposedly extralimitalMonomorium talpa is synonymised under Monomorium australicum. At a higher taxonomic level the South American genus Antichthonidris is synonymised under Monomorium. Seven species-groups are proposed for the Australian fauna, (the bicorne-, falcatum-, insolescens-, kilianii-, longinode-, monomorium-, and rubriceps-groups). A cladistic analysis was undertaken of species for which all castes were examined (identifiable males and/or queens were lacking for all members of the falcatum-, insolescens- and longinode-groups). In all, fifteen species of Australian Monomorium were examined (M. bicorne, M. whitei, M. striatifrons and M. rufonigrum from the bicorne-group, M. crinitumand M. kilianii from the kilianii-group, M. fieldi, M. laeve, M. rothsteini, M. sordidum and M. sydneyense from the monomorium-group, and M. centrale, M. leae, M. euryodon and M. rubriceps from the rubriceps-group), together with Monomorium antarcticum(from New Zealand) and the Neotropical Antichthonidris denticulatus. The taxon used for the outgroup was the Neotropical ant Megalomyrmex modestus. Using the PAUP program, 37 characters for worker, queen and male castes were analysed. The clade incorporating the tiny generalists (M. fieldi, M. laeve, M. sordidum, and M. sydneyense), together with M. rothsteini, was found to be the clade most strongly supported as a monophyletic grouping. In this analysis M. euryodon was the sister taxon to the above clade. These ants were shown on this analysis to share a common ancestor with the other members of the rubriceps-group, with M. antarcticum and A. denticulatus, and with thekilianii-group. The relationships between these latter four sets of species were left unresolved, except that M. crinitum was shown to be the sister taxon to M. kilianii. The large, arid zone species in thebicorne-group were also shown as ancestral to the other Australian Monomorium. A key is provided to enable researchers to identify the workers of all Australian Monomorium, as well as extralimital species established in Australia.

A phylogeny of the family Fanniidae Schnabl (Insecta:Diptera:Calyptratae) based on adult morphological characters, with special reference to the Austral species of the genus Fannia

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Domínguez ◽  
S. A. Roig-Juñent
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
The Family ◽  
Species Groups

The present study proposed a phylogenetic hypothesis of the family Fanniidae based on a cladistic analysis using characters from adult external morphology and female and male terminalia. The main purpose of this study was to clarify the phylogenetic position of newly described or poorly known species, mostly from southern South America, the Neotropics, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In total, 151 characters from adult male and female external morphology and terminalia were scored for 78 species of Fanniidae. Ten continuous characters were included and analysed as such. Three genera of Fanniidae and all the species-groups and subgroups proposed for the genus Fannia, except for the admirabilis-group and the setifer-subgroup were included as terminal taxa. An heuristic parsimony analysis under implied weights was performed. The analysis recovered the monophyly of the Fanniidae and the genus Fannia, as well as the monophyly of several species-groups within Fannia. Male and female external morphological characters were, in general, highly homoplasious, whereas characters from male terminalia showed low level of homoplasy and provided resolution at suprageneric nodes and species-groups.

Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4789 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-54
Author(s):  
MASANORI J. TODA ◽  
HANS BÄNZIGER ◽  
PRADEEP C. SATI ◽  
RAJENDRA S. FARTYAL ◽  
AWIT SUWITO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Antisymmetric State ◽  
Species Groups

The taxonomy of the subgenus Ashima of the genus Phortica is revised. A cladistic analysis of 66 morphological characters is conducted, covering 35 species (28 known and 7 new species: Phortica efragmentata sp. nov., P. andreagigoni sp. nov., P. watabei sp. nov., P. halimunensis sp. nov., P. akutsui sp. nov., P. kerinciensis sp. nov., and P. takehiroi sp. nov.) which correspond to 71.4% of 49 total spp. of Ashima. The resulting cladogram shows that the studied species are separated into several clades/subclades/cluster each highly supported with specific synapomorphies. Those clades/subclades/cluster are newly defined as the following species groups, subgroups or complex: the afoliolata, foliiseta, nigrifoliiseta and angulata species groups; the foliiseta, tanabei, nigrifoliiseta and glabra species subgroups; and the foliiseta species complex. The subgenus Ashima is peculiar in having the asymmetric male genitalia as the ground plan and showing the antisymmetry (i.e. intraspecific mirror-image variation) in some species but the directional asymmetry (i.e. side-fixed asymmetry) in others. The evolution of genital asymmetry in this subgenus is estimated by mapping the states (symmetry, directional asymmetry and antisymmetry) of bilateral structures of male genitalia on the cladogram. This ancestral state reconstruction estimates that the directional asymmetry of male genitalia has evolved at the ancestor of this subgenus and then changed to the antisymmetric state independently in two lineages, the angulata + nigrifoliiseta species groups and the foliiseta species complex. In this study, a standardized terminology recently proposed for the male terminalia of Drosophila melanogaster is extendedly adopted to describe the morphology of male terminalia in the subgenus Ashima, one group of the subfamily Steganinae. 

Taxonomic review of Sphenoclypeana and cladistic analysis of Ischnorhinini (Hemiptera, Cercopidae, Tomaspidinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2502 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRESSA PALADINI ◽  
GERVÁSIO SILVA CARVALHO ◽  
RODNEY RAMIRO CAVICHIOLI
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Taxonomic Review ◽  
The Relationship

Ischnorhinini currently comprises nine genera: Baetkia Schmidt, Homalogrypota Schmidt, Ischnorhina Stål, Laccogrypota Schmidt, Neosphenorhina Distant, Schistogonia Stål, Sphenoclypeana Lallemand & Synave, Tiodus Nast, and Typeschata Schmidt. A phylogenetic analysis is presented for defining the relationship between the genera and between the species of Sphenoclypeana, and this genus is revised and two new synonymies are proposed and the monophyly of Sphenoclypeana was corroborated. The data matrix comprises 47 characters: 31 relating to the external morphology, 10 to male genitalia and six to female genitalia. The analysis resulted in one cladogram with 102 steps CI = 0.50 and RI = 0.66. (Hyboscarta melichari (Monecphora cingulata Tunaima semiflava) (Schistogonia cercopoides Schistogonia sanguinea) (Neosphenorhina ocellata Neosphenorhina scombergi) (Ischnorhina unifascia (Homalogrypota interrupta Ischnorhina surinamensis) (Laccogrypota valida (Baetkia maroniensis (Baetkia compressa (Homalogrypota coccinea (Typeschata marginata (Sphenoclypeana parana Sphenoclypeana haematina))))))))

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analysis of the Subtribe Ageroniina with Special Emphasis on Hamadryas (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with an Identification Key to the Species of Hamadryas

ISRN Zoology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ricardo Murillo-Hiller
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Fore Wing ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Species Groups

A cladistic analysis of the genus Hamadryas was done in order to answer two questions: is the genus Hamadryas monophyletic and, what characters best define the different species groups of the genus? The computer programs WinClada ver. 1.00.08 and Nona ver. 2.8 for phylogenetic analysis were used. The 20 species of Hamadryas were analyzed together with Ectima erycinoides, Batesia hypochlora and Panacea procilla; these four genera together form the sub-tribe Ageronina of the subfamily Biblidinae. These 23 species with a total of 66 characters were included in the data matrix: 43 of external morphology, two from the fore wing spiral organ (responsible for sound production), and 20 of the male genitalia. Three different analyses, including all of the non-Hamadryas, using each species as the out-group, were done in order to compare results. A fourth analysis, using only Ectima erycinoides as an out group, was done in order to verify and compare the species groups of Hamadryas Also, three different phylogenetic attributes were mapped: biogeography, palatability and capacity to produce sound signals. An identification key to all the species of Hamadryas was prepared. All the analysis done combining Hamadryas with the other three genera suggests that Hamadryas as currently defined is polyphyletic.

Odontopleura (Trilobita, Silurian), and a method of constrained congruency analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Adrain ◽  
Brian D. E. Chatterton
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Directed Tree ◽  
Shelf Slope ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
The Universe ◽  
A New Species

Odontopleura (Odontopleura) arctica, a new species of odontopleurine trilobite, is described from the Canadian Arctic. A method of cladistic analysis is detailed. Parsimony analysis should be performed treating all characters as unordered. The universe of directed trees implied by the resulting rootless network(s) can then be examined and a preferred tree selected by a criterion of congruency. Namely, the most parsimonious directed tree that accommodates the most congruent arrangement of character-states should be taken as the preferred cladogram. Since this is essentially a general congruency method operating within the constraints of parsimony, it is termed “constrained congruency.” The method is applied to the genus Odontopleura, resulting in the recognition of two major species groups, the nominate subgenus and Sinespinaspis n. subgen. Odontopleura (Ivanopleura) dufrenoyi Barrande is tentatively included in the genus, but considered too poorly known for cladistic analysis. Species assigned to Odontopleura (Odontopleura) include Odontopleura ovata Emmrich, Odontopleura brevigena Chatterton and Perry, Odontopleura (Odontopleura) arctica n. sp., and Diacanthaspis serotina Apollonov. Species assigned to Sinespinaspis n. subgen. include Taemasaspis llandoveryana Šnajdr, Odontopleura greenwoodi Chatterton and Perry, Odontopleura maccallai Chatterton and Perry, and Odontopleura nehedensis Chatterton and Perry. Odontopleura bombini Chatterton and Perry is tentatively placed in synonymy with Odontopleura nehedensis. The genus had a wide distribution throughout the Early and Middle Silurian, due to preferences for deep-water, distal shelf or shelf-slope transition zone habitats.

A REVISION OF THE SYSTEMATICS OF ACALYMMA SENSU STRICTO BARBER (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING MEXICO

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (S112) ◽  
pp. 1-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.D. Munroe ◽  
Ray F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Subspecies ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Species Groups

AbstractThe systematics of Acalymma sensu stricto of North America including Mexico are revised. Acalymma sensu stricto is defined and distinguished from the other species groups of Acalymma. Sixteen species are discussed including four new species: A. blomorum, A. palomarense, A. invenustum, and A. luridifrons all from Mexico. Three new subspecies of A. blandulum (LeConte) are described: blandulum (LeConte) new status, nigriventre, and yucatanense. Acalymma coruscum costaricense Bechyné is placed as a synonym of A. innubum (Fabricius). Keys are presented to all species and subspecies. Habitus and male genitalia drawings are given for all species and distribution maps are given where appropriate.

Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of the South American genus Endeius Coiffait & Sáiz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Chani-Posse de Maus
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Male And Female

AbstractThe genus Endeius Coiffait & Sáiz, 1968 (Staphylininae: Staphylinini), distributed from Chile and Argentina through Juan Fernández Is. and Galapagos Is., is revised using characters of external morphology and male and female genitalia. Endeius comprises seven valid species: E. punctipennis (Solier), E. nitidipennis (Solier), E. subpunctipennis Coiffait & Sáiz, E. loensis Coiffait & Sáiz, E. franzi Sáiz, E. lugubris Sáiz and E. ovaliceps Coiffait. Belonuchus multipunctatus (Coiffait), comb. nov., is excluded from Endeius. An identification key to all species of the genus is provided. Monophyly of Endeius, as considered in the present study, is supported by one synapomorphy from the external morphology. Within the genus, the best supported subgroup consists of E. punctipennis (Solier), E. subpunctipennis Coiffait & Sáiz, E. loensis Coiffait & Sáiz and E. ovaliceps Coiffait.

Cladistic analysis of the Zethus (Zethoides) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) species groups with insights on the current subgeneric classification of Zethus Fabricius, 1804

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Botion Lopes ◽  
Fernando Barbosa Noll
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Species Groups

Zethus is the largest genus in Eumeninae, with over 250 species. Currently, it is divided in four subgenera: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethusculus), Z. (Zethoides) and Z. (Madecazethus). Z. (Zethoides), with 42 species, is subdivided in eight species groups, each considered a phylogenetic unit, that were created without any phylogenetic analysis. Eighteen species of Z. (Zethoides) corresponding to different groups were examined, altogether with terminals from distinct lineages of Zethus, Zethini and Eumenini, to perform a cladistics analysis to verify the proposed divisions. Zethus (Zethoides) and all of its species groups, except for the Z. biglumis group, were monophyletic. Zethus s.s. was paraphyletic in relation to Z. (Madecazethus), Z. (Zethoides) and Ctenochilus. Z. (Zethusculus) was also retrieved paraphyletic. Despite the subgeneric incongruences, the outgroups were too poorly represented to carry a taxonomic modification. Thus, the only alteration was the inclusion of the Z. clypearis group in the Z. biglumis group.

Three new Anaulacomera species (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from the Iguaçu National Park and nearby areas, southern Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5061 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-352
Author(s):  
MARCOS FIANCO ◽  
OSCAR J. CADENA-CASTAÑEDA ◽  
NEUCIR SZINWELSKI ◽  
LUIZ R. R. FARIA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
National Park ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Present Distribution ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Three New Species

Three new species of Anaulacomera are described, Anaulacomera (Anaulacomera) mariellae sp. n. and Anaulacomera (Anallomes) arlindoi sp. n., belonging respectively to the Inermis and Lanceolata species group, and Anaulacomera angelinae sp. n., placed as incertae sedis. The individuals were collected at the Iguaçu National Park and adjacent small fragments of Atlantic Forest, in southwestern Paraná state, Brazil. The description was based on external morphology of males. We also present distribution maps for the species of the Inermis and the Lanceolata species groups.  

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