scholarly journals Karyotype and genome size variation in white-flowered Eranthis sect. Shibateranthis (Ranunculaceae)

PhytoKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 207-227
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Yu. Mitrenina ◽  
Andrey S. Erst ◽  
Lorenzo Peruzzi ◽  
Mikhail V. Skaptsov ◽  
Hiroshi Ikeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
Somatic Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Intrachromosomal Asymmetry

Comparative karyomorphological analyses of six out of the eight white-flowered species of Eranthis sect. Shibateranthis have been carried out. All studied specimens of E. byunsanensis, E. lobulata, E. pinnatifida, and E. stellata had a somatic chromosome number 2n = 16 with basic chromosome number x = 8. On the contrary, E. tanhoensis and E. sibirica had a basic chromosome number x = 7. The specimens of E. tanhoensis were diploid with 2n = 14, while the specimens of E. sibirica were polyploid with 2n = 42. Monoploid chromosome sets of the investigated diploid species had 4–5 metacentric chromosomes and 2–4 submetacentric/subtelocentric/acrocentric chromosomes. The highest level of interchromosomal asymmetry, estimated via CVCL, was found in E. byunsanensis and E. pinnatifida. The highest levels of intrachromosomal asymmetry (MCA) and heterogeneity in centromere position (CVCI) were found in E. lobulata and E. byunsanensis, while E. sibirica had the most symmetric karyotype. A multivariate PCoA analysis of basic karyotype parameters (2n, x, THL, CVCL, MCA, and CVCI) highlighted no overlap among species accessions, which was also confirmed by LDA. The average absolute monoploid DNA content (1Cx) of the 23 investigated samples of six Eranthis species varied from 9.26 ± 0.25 pg in E. sibirica to 15.93 ± 0.32 pg in E. stellata. Overall karyological affinity was highlighted between E. lobulata and E. stellata, on one side, and between E. byunsanensis and E. pinnatifida, on the other side. Interestingly, there was no significant correlation between total haploid (monoploid) chromosome length (THL) and 1Cx values in these species.

scholarly journals Relations and evolution in Cheilanthes (Sinopteridaceae, Pteridophita) in Macaronesia and Mediterranean area, deduced from genome analysis of their hybrids

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 101-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Vida ◽  
A. Major ◽  
T. Reichstein
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Natural Group ◽  
Basic Chromosome

Nine species of "Cheilantoid ferns" are known to grow in Macaronesia and the Mediterranean basin. Two of them (lacking a pseudo-indusium and having the basic chromosome number X = 29), both aggregate species which we prefer to retain in Notholaena, are not included in this study. The other seven species (with distinct pseudo-indusium and the basic chromosome number X = 30), which we accept as members of the genus Cheilanthes Sw. sensu stricto, were subjected to detailed genome analysis of their natural and experimentally produced hybrids and shown to represent an aggregate of four very distinct ancestral diploids and three allotetraploids. The latter must have once been formed by chromosome doubling in the three diploid hybrids of C. maderensis Lowe with the other three diploid species. Theoretically three more allotetraploids would be possible but their formation has obviously been prevented by the geographical separation of the three respective diploids. The most widely distributed of the tetraploids, i.e. C. pteridioides (Reich.) C.Chr. has also been resynthesized from its ancestors (still sympatric) under experimental conditions. The intermediate morphology of the allotetraploids (as compared with their diploid ancestors) is obviously the reason why their status and existence has so long escaped recognition in Europe. These seven species form a natural group and, in our opinion, should not be divided into sections.

The biosystematics of the genus Lotus (Leguminosae) in Canada. II. Numerical chemotaxonomy

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Grant ◽  
Ilse I. Zandstra
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Cytological Study ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromatographic Study ◽  
Chemical Identification ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Fluorescent Compounds

A thin-layer chromatographic study of fluorescent compounds present in native (L. denticulatus, L. formosissimus, L. micranthus, L. pinnatus, L. purshianus) and introduced (L. corniculatus, L. krylovii, L.pedunculatus, L. tenuis) Canadian species of Lotus has been carried out and relationships of the species have been determined on the basis of the coefficients of association of these compounds. Chemical identification of the compounds was not attempted, but test reagents indicated a number to be phenolics. The analysis supported the general taxonomic relationships of the species based on a morphological and cytological study. Of the native species, L. pinnatus and L. formosissimus were the most closely related, with a coefficient of association of 83.33. Lotus denticulatus, the only native species with a chromosome number of n = 6, in general showed lower coefficients of association with the n = 7 species. Of the introduced species, all of which belong to the L. corniculatus group with a basic chromosome number of 6, L. krylovii and L. tenuis had the highest coefficient of association, 75.86. Based on their coefficients of association, both of these diploid species were more closely related to the tetraploid L. corniculatus than to the diploid L. pedunculatus.

SPECIATION AND BASIC CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN THE GENUS CELOSIA

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Somatic Chromosome ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
Somatic Chromosome Number ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Natural Cross

A new allopolyploid species of Celosia, namely, C. whiteii, collected in Malaya and originating from a natural cross between C. argentea L. (2n = 72) and C. cristata L. (2n = 36), has been described and the somatic chromosome number determined as 2n = 108. A somatic chromosome number of 2n = 18 has been determined for another species of Celosia, namely, C. trigyna L. The basic chromosome number for the genus has been determined as nine. Of the four species of Celosia so far studied cytologically, each represents a different level of ploidy, from diploid (2x) to dodecaploid (12x).

scholarly journals Impact of parasitic lifestyle and different types of centromere organization on chromosome and genome evolution in the plant genus Cuscuta

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Neumann ◽  
Ludmila Oliveira ◽  
Jana Čížková ◽  
Tae-Soo Jang ◽  
Sonja Klemme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
Holocentric Chromosomes ◽  
List Type ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Sequence Composition

SummaryThe parasitic genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) is exceptional among plants with respect to centromere organization, including both monocentric and holocentric chromosomes, and substantial variation in genome size and chromosome number. We investigated 12 species representing the diversity of the genus in a phylogenetic context to reveal the molecular and evolutionary processes leading to diversification of their genomes.We measured genome sizes and investigated karyotypes and centromere organization using molecular cytogenetic techniques. We also performed low-pass whole genome sequencing and comparative analysis of repetitive DNA composition.A remarkable 102-fold variation in genome sizes (342–34,734 Mbp/1C) was detected for monocentric Cuscuta species, while genomes of holocentric species were of moderate sizes (533–1,545 Mbp/1C). The genome size variation was primarily driven by the differential accumulation of repetitive sequences. The transition to holocentric chromosomes in the subgenus Cuscuta was associated with loss of histone H2A phosphorylation and elimination of centromeric retrotransposons. In addition, the basic chromosome number (x) decreased from 15 to 7, presumably due to chromosome fusions.We demonstrated that the transition to holocentricity in Cuscuta was accompanied by significant changes in epigenetic marks, chromosome number and the repetitive DNA sequence composition.

Cytotaxonomic studies in five species of Rutidosis (Asteraceae) endemic to south-eastern Queensland

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goro Kokubugata ◽  
Ailsa E. Holland
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Staining Method ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Taxonomic Treatment ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Orcein Staining

Somatic chromosomes of five species of Rutidosis endemic to south-eastern Queensland were analysed by the aceto-orcein staining method. The five species were classified into two major groups by their basic chromosome number and asymmetry of chromosome length. Rutidosis glandulosa and R. murchisonii exhibited a basic chromosome number of x = 11 and a gradual change in chromosome length. Rutidosis crispata, R. lanata and R. leucantha exhibited a basic chromosome number of x = 12 and the karyotype was bimodal with respect to chromosome length. On the basis of chromosome evidence, we hypothesise that (1) R. glandulosa and R. murchisonii are closely related, (2) R. crispata and R. leucantha are closely related and (3) R. lanata is most likely to be derived from R. crispata by a hexaploidisation. The present results support Holland’s (1994, 1999) taxonomic treatment of the five species.

scholarly journals Karyomorphological study of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. (Asteraceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
MS Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
Individual Chromosome ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Gradient Type ◽  
Orcein Staining

In the present study, karyomorphological features of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. were investigated. Orcein-staining was used for the authentic chromosomal characterization and identification. In E. fluctuans ‘Simple Chromocenter Type’ of interphase nuclei was observed with many small heterochromatin blocks after orcein staining. Prophase chromosomes showed ‘Gradient Type’ with orcein staining. This species was found to possess 2n=10x=110 with basic chromosome number x=11 and this is probably the first report for this species. The centromeric formula of this species was ‘38m+70sm+2ac’. The above features indicated that E. fluctuans is an advance polyploid with asymmetric karyotype. The total chromatin length (2n) was 295.92 μm. Individual chromosome length ranged from 1.84-4.26 μm. The relative length of each chromosome ranged from 0.006-0.014. The above mentioned data will be useful for karyomorphological characterization of E. fluctuans from Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(4), 283-288, 2019

Cytotaxonomy of Allium (Amaryllidaceae) subgenera Cyathophora and Amerallium sect. Bromatorrhiza

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 331 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIN-JIE LI ◽  
XIAN-LIN GUO ◽  
JUAN LI ◽  
SONG-DONG ZHOU ◽  
QING LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Karyotype Asymmetry

In the present study, we examined the karyotype data of subg. Cyathophora and sect. Bromatorrhiza, to determine some disputed karyotypes (e.g., A. spicatum and A. fasciculatum), and further to estimate the karyotype evolution along their phylogenetic frameworks. Our results revealed a fairly stable basic chromosome number (x = 8) in subg. Cyathophora, and we therefore revised x = 8 as the basic chromosome number of A. spicatum, rather than x = 10 mostly due to misidentifications concerning A. fasciculatum. The karyotype asymmetry analyses for subg. Cyathophora indicated that, the karyotype evolution for diploid species showing a high karyotype similarity was mainly due to intrachromosomal changes, while the interchromosomal changes were linked to the evolution of tetraploid populations. However, indeed different dysploid basic chromosome numbers (x = 7, 10, 11) and greatly different karyotype patterns occurred in sect. Bromatorrhiza, corresponding to the subsections revealed by molecular evidence. The combined evidence suggested that species with x = 11 compose a segmental allotriploid complex. It was also indicated that karyotype pattern of polyploids usually is closely related with  their diploid progenitors.

scholarly journals Variation in Ribosomal DNA in the Genus Trifolium (Fabaceae)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1771
Author(s):  
Radka Vozárová ◽  
Eliška Macková ◽  
David Vlk ◽  
Jana Řepková
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
Rdna Site ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
26S Rdna

The genus Trifolium L. is characterized by basic chromosome numbers 8, 7, 6, and 5. We conducted a genus-wide study of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) structure variability in diploids and polyploids to gain insight into evolutionary history. We used fluorescent in situ hybridization to newly investigate rDNA variation by number and position in 30 Trifolium species. Evolutionary history among species was examined using 85 available sequences of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of 35S rDNA. In diploid species with ancestral basic chromosome number (x = 8), one pair of 5S and 26S rDNA in separate or adjacent positions on a pair of chromosomes was prevalent. Genomes of species with reduced basic chromosome numbers were characterized by increased number of signals determined on one pair of chromosomes or all chromosomes. Increased number of signals was observed also in diploids Trifolium alpestre and Trifolium microcephalum and in polyploids. Sequence alignment revealed ITS1 sequences with mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms, and ITS1 diversity was greater in diploids with reduced basic chromosome numbers compared to diploids with ancestral basic chromosome number (x = 8) and polyploids. Our results suggest the presence of one 5S rDNA site and one 26S rDNA site as an ancestral state.

Somatic chromosome number and ploidy level in three Curcuma spp. from Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Ishrat Jahan Bonna ◽  
Suma Akter ◽  
Syeda Sharmeen Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Staining Pattern ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Somatic Chromosome Number ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
First Time ◽  
Orcein Staining

Three Curcuma L. species were investigated cytogenetically which represent diversed staining pattern of heterochromatins in interphase nuclei and prophase chromosomes with orcein staining. Curcuma longa and C. caesia were found to possess 2n = 3x = 63 somatic chromosomes whereas 2n = 2x = 42 chromosome number in C. zedoaria is reported for the first time from Bangladesh. Total chromosome length recorded in C. longa, C. caesia and C. zedoaria were 145.08 ± 2.85 μm, 164.93 ± 4.29 μm and 97.78 ± 2.41 μm, respectively. This was the first attempt to measure the length of the chromosomes for these species. The experiment confirmed the basic chromosome number x = 21 with triploid (C. longa, C. caesia) and diploid (C. zedoaria) Curcuma plants. Polyploidy could be employed in the evolution and diversification of the genus Curcuma, which is an essential factor to characterize the species of this genus. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 133-140, 2021 (July)

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