Assessment of the synbiotic properites of human milk oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis in vitro and in humanised mice

The mode of delivery plays a crucial role in infant gastrointestinal tract colonisation, which in the case of caesarean section is characterised by the presence of clostridia and low bifidobacterial counts. Gut colonisation can be modified by probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are infant prebiotics that show a bifidogenic effect. Moreover, genome sequencing of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis within the infant microbiome revealed adaptations for milk utilisation. This study aimed to evaluate the synbiotic effect of B. longum subsp. infantis, HMOs and human milk (HM) both in vitro and in vivo (in a humanised mouse model) in the presence of faecal microbiota from infants born by caesarean section. The combination of B. longum and HMOs or HM reduced the clostridia and G-bacteria counts both in vitro and in vivo. The bifidobacterial population in vitro significantly increased and produce high concentrations of acetate and lactate. In vitro competition assays confirmed that the tested bifidobacterial strain is a potential probiotic for infants and, together with HMOs or HM, acts as a synbiotic. It is also able to inhibit potentially pathogenic bacteria. The synbiotic effects identified in vitro were not observed in vivo. However, there was a significant reduction in clostridia counts in both experimental animal groups (HMOs + B. longum and HM + B. longum), and a specific immune response via increased interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 production. Animal models do not perfectly mimic human conditions; however, they are essential for testing the safety of functional foods.

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Human milk oligosaccharides reduceEntamoeba histolyticaattachment and cytotoxicityin vitro

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511007392 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 108 (10) ◽

pp. 1839-1846 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Evelyn Jantscher-Krenn ◽

Tineke Lauwaet ◽

Laura A. Bliss ◽

Sharon L. Reed ◽

Frances D. Gillin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Bacterial Attachment ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Ht 29

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), complex sugars that are highly abundant in breast milk, block viral and bacterial attachment to the infant's intestinal epithelium and lower the risk of infections. We hypothesised that HMO also prevent infections with the protozoan parasiteEntamoeba histolytica,as its major virulence factor is a lectin that facilitates parasite attachment and cytotoxicity and binds galactose (Gal) andN-acetyl-galactosamine. HMO contain Gal, are only minimally digested in the small intestine and reach the colon, the site ofE. histolyticainfection. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether HMO reduceE. histolyticaattachment and cytotoxicity. Ourin vitroresults show that physiological concentrations of isolated, pooled HMO detachE. histolyticaby more than 80 %. In addition, HMO rescueE. histolytica-induced destruction of human intestinal epithelial HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The cytoprotective effects were structure-specific. Lacto-N-tetraose with its terminal Gal rescued up to 80 % of the HT-29 cells, while HMO with fucose α1–2-linked to the terminal Gal had no effect. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), which also contain terminal Gal and are currently added to infant formula to mimic some of the beneficial effects of HMO, completely abolishedE. histolyticaattachment and cytotoxicity at 8 mg/ml. Although our results need to be confirmedin vivo, they may provide one explanation for why breast-fed infants are at lower risk ofE. histolyticainfections. HMO and GOS are heat tolerant, stable, safe and in the case of GOS, inexpensive, which could make them valuable candidates as alternative preventive and therapeutic anti-amoebic agents.

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Human Milk Oligosaccharides in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Journey From in vitro and in vivo Models to Mother-Infant Cohort Studies

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2018.00385 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Lars Bode

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

In Vivo Models

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A47 SYNTHETIC HUMAN MILK OLIGOSACCHARIDES PREVENT EXPERIMENTAL NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS VIA DIVERGENT TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESPONSES.

Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1093/jcag/gwab002.045 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 272-274

Author(s):

R Y Wu ◽

B Li ◽

R Horne ◽

A Ghamel ◽

S Robinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Human Milk ◽

Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽

Mucosal Injury ◽

Intestinal Cell ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

In Vivo Models

Abstract Background Breastmilk reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants, but the bioactive components mediating this effect are not well understood. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) reduce NEC both in humans and in relevant animal models. However, it is unclear if there are functional differences between individual oligosaccharides. Aims The objective of this study was to compare the intestinal transcriptome responses of individual HMOs using complementary in vitro and in vivo models of NEC. Methods RNA sequencing was performed on Caco-2Bbe1 gut epithelial cells after exposure to commercially-purified 2’-fucosyllactose (2’FL), 3-fucosyllactose, 6’-siallyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) or lacto-N-neotetraose for 24hr at 37°C for 24 h (n=3). Signaling pathways were analyzed in murine- and human-derived NEC enteroids by qPCR. To validate these findings, five-day-old mouse pups were orally gavaged formula with or without individual HMOs, followed by NEC induction with hypoxia (5% O2, 95% N2) and lipopolysaccharide (4 mg/kg/day). Coded ileal sections (n=6–7/group) were analyzed for mucosal injury by histology, immune fluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression via qPCR. Results The HMO transcriptome clustered into divergent functional categories including metabolic process, protein processing and responses to external stimuli. Each synthetic HMO induced a unique transcriptome and exhibited varying effects on the intestinal epithelial functions and biological pathways. This was confirmed in the murine model of NEC, as both LNT and 2FL mitigated NEC injury with comparable recovery of intestinal cell proliferation (Ki67) and expression of stem cells (Lgr5+). Both qPCR and immunofluorescence staining showed differences between 2FL- and LNT-fed pups in host inflammatory and immune responses. Conclusions This study demonstrates that synthetic HMOs ameliorate intestinal injury in experimental NEC. However, the mechanisms by which individual oligosaccharides act on the intestine differ, suggesting that single synthetic HMOs may not fully recapitulate the benefits of pooled HMOs. Future studies will further delineate structure-function relationships of synthetic HMOs on host intestinal innate and adaptive immune responses. Funding Agencies CIHRFerring Canada Medical Student Research grant

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Isolation and purification of Human Milk Oligosaccharides by two‐dimensional chromatography for in vitro and in vivo studies

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.206.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Evelyn Jantscher‐Krenn ◽

Caroline Nissan ◽

Lars Bode

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Isolation And Purification

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Distribution of In Vitro Fermentation Ability of Lacto-N-Biose I, a Major Building Block of Human Milk Oligosaccharides, in Bifidobacterial Strains

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01683-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 54-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Jin-zhong Xiao ◽

Sachiko Takahashi ◽

Mamoru Nishimoto ◽

Toshitaka Odamaki ◽

Tomoko Yaeshima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Building Block ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Carbohydrate Source ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Predominant Species ◽

Almost All

ABSTRACT This study investigated the potential utilization of lacto-N-biose I (LNB) by individual strains of bifidobacteria. LNB is a building block for the human milk oligosaccharides, which have been suggested to be a factor for selective growth of bifidobacteria. A total of 208 strains comprising 10 species and 4 subspecies were analyzed for the presence of the galacto-N-biose/lacto-N-biose I phosphorylase (GLNBP) gene (lnpA) and examined for growth when LNB was used as the sole carbohydrate source. While all strains of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, B. longum subsp. infantis, B. breve, and B. bifidum were able to grow on LNB, none of the strains of B. adolescentis, B. catenulatum, B. dentium, B. angulatum, B. animalis subsp. lactis, and B. thermophilum showed any growth. In addition, some strains of B. pseudocatenulatum, B. animalis subsp. animalis, and B. pseudolongum exhibited the ability to utilize LNB. With the exception for B. pseudocatenulatum, the presence of lnpA coincided with LNB utilization in almost all strains. These results indicate that bifidobacterial species, which are the predominant species found in infant intestines, are potential utilizers of LNB. These findings support the hypothesis that GLNBP plays a key role in the colonization of bifidobacteria in the infant intestine.

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Rapid capillary gel electrophoresis analysis of human milk oligosaccharides for food additive manufacturing in-process control

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry ◽

10.1007/s00216-020-03119-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marton Szigeti ◽

Agnes Meszaros-Matwiejuk ◽

Dora Molnar-Gabor ◽

Andras Guttman

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Process Control ◽

Human Milk ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Process Analysis ◽

Food Additive ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Capillary Gel Electrophoresis

AbstractIndustrial production of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) represents a recently growing interest since they serve as key ingredients in baby formulas and are also utilized as dietary supplements for all age groups. Despite their short oligosaccharide chain lengths, HMO analysis is challenging due to extensive positional and linkage variations. Capillary gel electrophoresis primarily separates analyte molecules based on their hydrodynamic volume to charge ratios, thus, offers excellent resolution for most of such otherwise difficult-to-separate isomers. In this work, two commercially available gel compositions were evaluated on the analysis of a mixture of ten synthetic HMOs. The relevant respective separation matrices were then applied to selected analytical in-process control examples. The conventionally used carbohydrate separation matrix was applied for the in-process analysis of bacteria-mediated production of 3-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, and lacto-N-neotetraose. The other example showed the suitability of the method for the in vivo in-process control of a shake flask and fermentation approach of 2′-fucosyllactose production. In this latter instance, borate complexation was utilized to efficiently separate the 2′- and 3-fucosylated lactose positional isomers. In all instances, the analysis of the HMOs of interest required only a couple of minutes with high resolution and excellent migration time and peak area reproducibility (average RSD 0.26% and 3.56%, respectively), features representing high importance in food additive manufacturing in-process control. Graphical abstract

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Akkermansia muciniphila uses human milk oligosaccharides to thrive in the early life conditions in vitro

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-71113-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ioannis Kostopoulos ◽

Janneke Elzinga ◽

Noora Ottman ◽

Jay T. Klievink ◽

Bernadet Blijenberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Early Life ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Akkermansia Muciniphila ◽

Life Conditions ◽

Early Life Conditions

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The Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Probiotics on the Neonatal Microbiome and Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103052 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3052

Author(s):

Lila S. Nolan ◽

Jamie M. Rimer ◽

Misty Good

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Vulnerable Population ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Intestinal Homeostasis

Preterm infants are a vulnerable population at risk of intestinal dysbiosis. The newborn microbiome is dominated by Bifidobacterium species, though abnormal microbial colonization can occur by exogenous factors such as mode of delivery, formula feeding, and exposure to antibiotics. Therefore, preterm infants are predisposed to sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a fatal gastrointestinal disorder, due to an impaired intestinal barrier, immature immunity, and a dysbiotic gut microbiome. Properties of human milk serve as protection in the prevention of NEC. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and the microbiome of breast milk are immunomodulatory components that provide intestinal homeostasis through regulation of the microbiome and protection of the intestinal barrier. Enteral probiotic supplements have been trialed to evaluate their impact on establishing intestinal homeostasis. Here, we review the protective role of HMOs, probiotics, and synbiotic combinations in protecting a vulnerable population from the pathogenic features associated with necrotizing enterocolitis.

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