Energy intake and expenditure of improvised explosive device detection dogs

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pratt Phillips ◽  
J. Kutzner-Mulligan ◽  
M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Improvised Explosive Device ◽  
Working Dogs ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Improvised Explosive

Improvised explosive device detection (IDD) dogs explore up to 40 km of land daily and therefore have energetic demands that may be above the National Research Council’s requirement for working dogs. This study was designed to quantify metabolic energy intake (MEI) and total energy expenditure (TEE) in a group of IDD dogs. Two groups of dogs that had undergone different training protocols (CP1, n=8 and CP2, n=11) underwent a 5-day deployment simulation that consisted of combined road clearing, orbit and point-to-point activities and lasted approximately 9 h per day. The CP1 dogs were fed according to the IDD Marine Corps Manual, while CP2 dogs were offered additional calories based on pilot study data of energy expenditure. The MEI was calculated based on feed intake rates and chemical composition of the diets. TEE was quantified using the doubly-labelled water technique in 2 of the CP1 dogs and 7 of the CP2 dogs. During the 5-day deployment simulation the MEI ranged from 189-310 kcal/bodyweight (BW)0.75 per day, with the CP2 dogs at the higher end because they were offered more feed. The TEE ranged between 375-507 kcal/BW0.75 per day, above the MEI, suggesting the dogs were in negative energy balance and metabolic reserves within the body were combusted for energy production. These findings reveal that energy requirements of deployed military working dogs are higher than previously published metabolic energy requirements of working dogs.

scholarly journals Energy requirements of infants

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (7a) ◽  
pp. 953-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy F Butte
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the energy requirements of infants from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during growth.DesignEnergy requirements during infancy were estimated from total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water method and energy deposition based on measured protein and fat gains.SettingDatabase on the total energy expenditure and energy deposition of infants was compiled from available studies conducted in China, Chile, Gambia, Mexico, Netherlands, UK, and USA.SubjectsHealthy, term infants.ResultsTotal energy requirements (kJ day−1) increased with age and were higher in boys than girls due to differences in weight. Energy requirements decreased from 473 kJ kg−1per day for boys and 447 kJ kg−1per day for girls at 1 month of age to 337 kJ kg−1per day for boys and 341 kJ kg−1per day for girls at 6 months of age, and thereafter tended to plateau. Energy deposition as a percentage of total energy requirements decreased from 40% at 1 month to 3% at 12 months of age. These estimates are 10–32% lower than the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU recommendations which were based on observed energy intakes of infants.ConclusionsRecommendations for the energy intake of infants should be revised based on new estimates of total energy expenditure and energy deposition.

Comparison of calorimetry and the doubly labelled water technique for the measurement of energy expenditure in Equidae

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Fuller ◽  
C. A. Maltin ◽  
E. Milne ◽  
G.S. Mollison ◽  
J. E. Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Sequential Studies ◽  
Systematic Appraisal

AbstractEvaluations of the energy requirements of working animals have been confounded by the constraints of indirect calorimetric techniques (Cal). This study sought to investigate a non-restrictive methodology, the doubly labelled water (DLW; 2H218O) technique, for the measurement of energy expenditure in free ranging equids. Six pony geldings were intravenously injected with DLW in two sequential studies that permitted first, isotope equilibration and half-lives to be determined and then second, heat production (HP) to be measured simultaneously by DLW and traditional (Cal) techniques.In study 1, three animals were injected with DLW, three animals were untreated controls. Blood samples were collected every 30 min for 12 h and thereafter at 24 h intervals for 14 days. Isotopes equilibrated throughout the body water pool within 300 (2H) and 240 (18O) min and half-lives were 6.3 ± 0.6 days (2H) and 5.6 ± 0.4 days (18O).In study 2, HP was simultaneously determined by Cal and DLW over a 4-day period. Animals (no. = 6) were assigned to pairs and in successive weeks two ponies were injected with DLW and confined to metabolism chambers 12 h later. Cal HP was 0.51 ± 0.02 MJ/kg M0.75 per day compared with 0.48 ± 0.29 MJ/kg M0.75 per day estimated by DLW. Maintenance metabolizable energy intake was 0.53 ± 0.01 MJ/kg M0.75 per day (Cal) and 0.50 ± 0.01 MJ/kg M0.75 per day (DLW). Validation of the DLW technique may empower essential, systematic appraisal of energy requirements in unrestrained working horses.

Developing the Second Generation of Improvised Explosive Device Detector Dog

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Dorman ◽  
Barbara Sherman ◽  
Margaret Gruen ◽  
Richard Fish ◽  
Melanie L. Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Improvised Explosive Device ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Improvised Explosive

scholarly journals Determination of Maintenance Energy Requirements for Fattening Castrated Korean Black Goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Sang-Ho Moon ◽  
Yeong Sik Yun ◽  
Na Yeon Kim ◽  
Sanguk Chung ◽  
Qi Man Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

scholarly journals (A20) Injury Pattern and Disaster Plan for Landmines and Improvised Explosive Device Blast

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s6-s6
Author(s):  
S.K. Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
Injury Pattern ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Disaster Plan ◽  
Emergency Department Care ◽  
Improvised Explosive Device ◽  
Pattern Of Injury ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Improvised Explosive

Landmines and improvised explosive device (IED) explosions induce bodily injuries through the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary mechanisms of blast among civilians, mostly children which results in a complicated, multidimensional injury pattern. If > 80 percent of countries can ensure the security of their borders without using anti-personnel mines, surely India can too. A change in mindset and a change in defense doctrine are needed, as well as an UN-backed world body campaigning against the use of landmines to urge the Indian government to sign a global treaty to ban the weapons. An estimated four to five million anti-personnel mines exist in India, which is the sixth-largest stockpile in the world. Non-state armed groups in the central, southern, northern, and northeastern regions frequently have used anti-personnel mines and improvised explosive devices to target convoys of soldiers and civilians. Using historical, current research and related literature reviews, this study provides description about the types of explosion, the device, pattern of injury, prehospital and emergency department care, and challenges for the disaster plan. Hand amputation is the most common type of upper limb amputation (more common among the 7–18-year age group) and below-knee amputation is the most common type of lower limb amputation. Using these data, a focused disaster response for future attacks has been created. It includes the planning, monitoring, and coordination of all aspects by hospitals and the regional disaster system's plan—“upside-down” triage—the most severely injured arrive after the less injured, which bypass emergency medical services (EMS) and go directly to the nearest hospitals. Details about the nature of the explosion, potential toxic exposures and environmental hazards, and casualty location from police, fire, EMS, health department, and reliable news sources must be recorded.

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