Effect of Seed Cleaning, Washing and Seed Treatment on Seedling Disease Incidence and Yield of Rice

A standard sand – cornmeal – nutrient salt medium, for use in the production of artificial inoculum of Helminthosporium sativum, is described. This inoculum induces uniform plant disease development when thoroughly incorporated with the planting soil. The results presented clearly demonstrate the necessity of using a series of infestation levels in studies of factors affecting disease development in artificially infested soil. It is shown that considerable reliance can be placed on treatment comparisons within an experiment but that comparisons between experiments are much less accurate. The role of a toxin (or toxins) in disease development in barley seedlings has been demonstrated. The toxic activity was found to be distinct from that frequently encountered on addition of organic matter to soil. Results obtained suggest that toxin adsorption by the soil may play an important role in reducing disease incidence and severity.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of bacteria isolated from rice for plant growth promotion and biological control of seedling disease of rice

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w01-097 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 47 (10) ◽

pp. 916-924 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Tika B Adhikari ◽

C M Joseph ◽

Guoping Yang ◽

Donald A Phillips ◽

Louise M Nelson

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Growth Promotion ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Control Plant ◽

16S Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Seedling Disease

Of 102 rhizoplane and endophytic bacteria isolated from rice roots and stems in California, 37% significantly (P [Formula: see text] 0.05) inhibited the growth in vitro of two pathogens, Achlya klebsiana and Pythium spinosum, causing seedling disease of rice. Four endophytic strains were highly effective against seedling disease in growth pouch assays, and these were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens (S3), Pseudomonas tolaasii (S20), Pseudomonas veronii (S21), and Sphingomonas trueperi (S12) by sequencing of amplified 16S rRNA genes. Strains S12, S20, and S21 contained the nitrogen fixation gene, nifD, but only S12 was able to reduce acetylene in pure culture. The four strains significantly enhanced plant growth in the absence of pathogens, as evidenced by increases in plant height and dry weight of inoculated rice seedlings relative to noninoculated rice. Three bacterial strains (S3, S20, and S21) were evaluated in pot bioassays and reduced disease incidence by 50%73%. Strain S3 was as effective at suppressing disease at the lowest inoculum density (106 CFU/mL) as at higher density (108 CFU/mL or undiluted suspension). This study indicates that selected endophytic bacterial strains have potential for control of seedling disease of rice and for plant growth promotion.Key words: biological control, plant growth promotion, endophytes, rice, seedling disease.

Download Full-text

Bayleton® Seed Treatment Combined with Foliar Spray Improves Fusiform Rust Control in Nurseries

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/8.1.51 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 51-54

Author(s):

S. J. Rowan

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Artificial Inoculation ◽

Fusiform Rust ◽

Complete Control ◽

Infection Period ◽

Foliar Sprays ◽

Forest Nurseries

Abstract Bayleton foliar sprays eradicated all fusiform rust infections when applied up to 7 days after artificial inoculation and eradicated a significant number of infections when applied 28 days after inoculation. A combination of seed treatment and foliar spray provided complete control when the spray was applied up to 14 days after inoculation and further reduced disease incidence when the foliar spray was applied 28 days after inoculation. Foliar sprays applied before inoculation prevented infections up to four weeks after application but sprays applied to nongerminated seed did not prevent infections in seedlings originating from these seed. Seed treatment would, therefore, significantly improve fusiform rust control in forest nurseries. Without seed treatment, applications of both ferbam and Bayleton during the period of seed germination may be necessary to adequately control the disease in high rust-hazard nurseries. When seed are treated with Bayleton, the first foliar spray must be applied 14 days after germination begins or no later than 7 days after the first infection period following the first 14 days of seed germination. Thereafter, sprays should be applied at intervals not to exceed 35 days.

Download Full-text

The Efficacy of Ethaboxam as a Soybean Seed Treatment Toward Phytophthora, Phytopythium, and Pythium in Ohio

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-19-1818-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (5) ◽

pp. 1421-1432 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kelsey Scott ◽

Meredith Eyre ◽

Dair McDuffee ◽

Anne E. Dorrance

Keyword(s):

Seed Treatment ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Phytophthora Species ◽

Damping Off ◽

Seed Treatments ◽

Seedling Disease ◽

Seed Decay ◽

Fungicide Mixtures ◽

Seed Rot

Phytophthora, Phytopythium, and Pythium species that cause early-season seed decay and pre-emergence and post-emergence damping off of soybean are most commonly managed with seed treatments. The phenylamide fungicides metalaxyl and mefenoxam, and ethaboxam are effective toward some but not all species. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ethaboxam in fungicide mixtures and compare those with other fungicides as seed treatments to protect soybean against Pythium, Phytopythium, and Phytophthora species in both high-disease field environments and laboratory seed plate assays. The second objective was to evaluate these seed treatment mixtures on cultivars that have varying levels and combinations of resistance to these soilborne pathogens. Five of eight environments received adequate precipitation in the 14 days after planting for high levels of seedling disease development and treatment evaluations. Three environments had significantly greater stands, and three had significantly greater yield when ethaboxam was used in the seed treatment mixture compared with treatments containing metalaxyl or mefenoxam alone. Three fungicide formulations significantly reduced disease severity compared with nontreated in the seed plate assay for 17 species. However, the combination of ethaboxam plus metalaxyl in a mixture was more effective than either fungicide alone against some Pythium and Phytopythium species. Overall, our results indicate that the addition of ethaboxam to a fungicide seed treatment is effective in reducing seed rot caused by these pathogens commonly isolated from soybean in Ohio but that these effects can be masked when cultivars with resistance are planted.

Download Full-text

Eco-friendly management of wilt caused by fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Ciceri in chickpea

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr.v0iof.6789 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Chandar Kala ◽

S. Gangopadhyay ◽

S. L. Godara

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Disease Control ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Chickpea Wilt ◽

Maximum Inhibition

Antagonistic potentiality of Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens were evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri under in vivo conditions. The effect of organic amendments viz; farm yard manure, vermicompost and mustard cake on disease control potentiality of test antagonists against chickpea wilt and on population dynamics of the antagonists and pathogen in soil was also studied. Maximum inhibition of mycelial growth of F. o. f. sp. ciceri was recorded in presence of P. fluorescens (%) followed by T. harzianum (%) and T. viride (%). Seed treatment with P. fluorescens was more effective in suppressing the disease incidence as compared to T. harzianum and T. viride. The disease control efficacy and population dynamics of all the three test antagonists was enhanced in response to application of organic amendments. Among the three organic amendments tested, mustard cake was most effective in enhancing the disease control potentiality of these antagonists.

Download Full-text

Efficient application of Trichoderma viride on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed using thin layer polymer coating

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-3834 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Falah Kuchlan ◽

M.M.M. Ansari K. Kuchlan ◽

M. M. Ansari

Keyword(s):

Polymer Coating ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Agar Plate ◽

Solution Treatment ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Culture Solution ◽

Seedling Mortality ◽

Talcum Powder

Soybean crop is very sensitive to change in climate and suffers from vagaries of climate. The productivity thus gets affected in different years due to the influence of climatic condition, incidence of diseases and insects. Trichoderma sp. is considered as a potential biocontrol and growth promoting agents for many crop plants. Trichoderma spp. is generally being applied to the soil and seed as talcum powder form. Though powder formulations may be applied directly to seeds at the rate of 5g/kg seed, the effectiveness of Trichoderma seed treatment is lost due to poor adhesion on the smooth seed coat surface of soybean. Thus, it was targeted to achieve maximum benefit by Trichoderma seed treatment mediated through polymer coating. Two soybean cultivars were treated with Trichoderma viride with different formulation namely Trichoderma culture solution with polymer, Trichoderma culture talc with polymer, Trichoderma culture talc powder dry dressing. Endophytic growth of Trichoderma viride in root, stem and leaf was studied by agar plate method at 27±10C for seven days. The percentage of plants with Trichoderma endophytic growth was 97-100 per cent in plants from seeds treated with Trichoderma with polymer as compared to 37-45 per cent in plants from seeds treated with Trichoderma talc powder dry dressing. Control plants did not show any endophytic growth of Trichoderma. Significant increase in plant height was observed due to endophytic growth of Trichoderma. 24 per cent yield advantage was observed due to Trichoderma culture solution treatment with polymer. Seedling mortality due to collar rot (0.61%) and disease incidence of Myrothecium Leaf Spot, Anthracnose and Rhizoctonia Arial Blight (0.34%) was significantly lower than control (9.8% and 9.169%). Proper application of Trichoderma viride on soybean seed through polymer coating has significant potential to reduce diseases and to improve plant growth and seed yield.

Download Full-text

Department of Plant Pathology, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner-334 001, Rajasthan, India.

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-4154 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohit . Kumar ◽

Data Ram Kumhar ◽

Ashok Kumar Meena ◽

Kiran . Choudhary

Keyword(s):

Plant Pathology ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Root Rot ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Soil Application ◽

Percent Inhibition

Bio-control agents and bio-fertilizer minimized the root rot incidence, increased percent inhibition, increased grain yield and nodulation in mungbean significantly as compared to control. The minimum 13.50% disease incidence, maximum 79.23% inhibition of dry root rot, maximum grain yield of 14.8q/ha and maximum 24 nodules/plant were observed in the treatment T13. Where T. harzianum in combination with Rhizobium was used as seed treatment and soil application followed by the treatment(T14) where P. fluorescens was used in combination with Rhizobium (18.50% disease incidence, 71.54% disease inhibition,13.4q/ha grain yield and 21 nodules/plant. used as seed treatment and soil application.

Download Full-text

Pythium, Phytophthora, and Phytopythium spp. Associated with Soybean in Minnesota, Their Relative Aggressiveness on Soybean and Corn, and Their Sensitivity to Seed Treatment Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-16-0196-re ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (1) ◽

pp. 62-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

L. Radmer ◽

G. Anderson ◽

D. M. Malvick ◽

J. E. Kurle ◽

A. Rendahl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Temperature Effects ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Damping Off ◽

Seedling Disease ◽

Strobilurin Fungicides ◽

Seed Decay ◽

Reference Sequences ◽

Information Database

Pythium spp. cause seed decay, damping-off, and root rot in soybean and corn; however, their diversity and importance as pathogens in Minnesota are unknown. Our objectives were to identify the Pythium spp. present in Minnesota soybean fields, determine their aggressiveness on corn and soybean, and investigate their sensitivity to seed treatment fungicides. For identification, sequences obtained using internal transcribed space ITS4 and ITS1 primers were compared with reference sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Seedling and soil samples yielded over 30 oomycete species. Aggressiveness was determined using two methods; a seed assay, which also examined temperature effects on aggressiveness, and a seedling assay. Of 21 species evaluated, seven Pythium spp. were pathogenic on both soybean and corn, reducing root growth by 20% or more while two Pythium and one Phytopythium spp. were pathogenic only on soybean. Aggressiveness of many isolates increased as temperature increased from 15°C to 25°C. The sensitivity of 10 pathogenic species to azoxystrobin, ethaboxam, mefenoxam, pyraclostrobin, or trifloxystrobin was tested. EC50 values for mefenoxam and ethaboxam were 10−2 of those to strobilurin fungicides. Pythium spp. in Minnesota are diverse and a significant cause of seedling disease on soybean and corn. Most Pythium spp. isolated in this study were more sensitive to mefenoxam and ethaboxam than to strobilurin fungicides.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of seed, stem and soil applications of procymidone to control white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk.) of onions

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9910401 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 401 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

IJ Porter ◽

JP Maughan ◽

GB Towers

Keyword(s):

Seed Treatment ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Soil Surface ◽

White Rot ◽

Effective Control ◽

Plant Establishment ◽

Seed Treatments ◽

Stem Base ◽

Sclerotium Cepivorum ◽

Plant Emergence

The effects of different methods of applying procymidone, either alone or combined, were evaluated for control of white rot (caused by Sclerotium cepivorum Berk.) in onions at 2 sites in Victoria.Field trials at Colac showed that seed treatments combined with sprays to the soil surface gave the most effective control of white rot, reducing disease from 78 to 16% and increasing yields from 5.7 to 14.6 t/ha in brown onions. Sprays applied to the soil surface at 2.5 kg a.i./ha had no effect on emergence and reduced disease incidence from 65.3 to 21.7%. Seed treatment at 25 g procymidone/kg seed delayed the onset of disease by 80 days and reduced disease incidence by 30%. The same treatment also reduced plant emergence by more than 27% and, therefore, did not increase yields. Dispersible granules (5 or 10%; at 2.5 kg procymidone/ha) were as effective as the soil sprays at sowing. Stem base sprays applied 11 and 19 weeks after sowing reduced disease incidence slightly but did not increase yields. Procymidone applied with bands of fertiliser 2 or 5 cm below the seed was not effective. Two formulations of procymidone, Sumisclex 500 (50% a.i.) and 275 Flocol (27.5% a.i.), were equally effective in controlling white rot. At Lang Lang, root-dips of 14-week-old seedlings in 5 g procymidone/L reduced white rot in transplanted white globe onions. Procymidone concentrations of 0.05-50 g a.i./L applied for periods ranging from 2 s to 30 min had no effect on plant establishment in a glasshouse.

Download Full-text

Dehydrated pork manure by-product: effect of a chitosan amendment on bacterial community and common scab incidence

Phytoprotection ◽

10.7202/045779ar ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 107-115

Author(s):

Julie Roy ◽

Pierre J. Lafontaine ◽

Rock Chabot ◽

Carole Beaulieu

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Community ◽

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Common Scab ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Field Trials ◽

Potato Seed ◽

Rrna Gene

Chitosan amendment modified the composition of a microbial community associated with dehydrated pork manure by-product. The amended product (biosolid PC) contained a lower number of anaerobic bacteria than the non-amended product (biosolid P). Chitosan also significantly reduced the fungal population. A 16S rRNA gene bank constructed from DNA extracted from the bacterial community associated with both P and PC biosolids revealed that bacterial ordersXanthomonodales,Pseudomonadales,Enterobacteriales,Burkholderiales,Actinomycetales,Bacillales,ClostridialesandLactobacillaleswere found in both biosolids. Bacteria from theStenotrophomonasgenus were abundant in both biosolids. However, the addition of chitosan appeared to induce changes in the population of some bacterial genera. For example, clones carrying a 16S rRNA gene corresponding to theBacillusgenus were doubled in biosolid PC. In field trials carried out to test their effect on common scab incidence, biosolids P and PC were applied as potato seed treatment. Biosolid P increased disease incidence by a factor of 1.33 and 2.85 in two independent experiments. However, when chitosan was added to the seed treatment, the stimulating effect of biosolid P on common scab was cancelled out.

Download Full-text