scholarly journals The Allocation of Talent and U.S. Economic Growth

Econometrica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 1439-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Tai Hsieh ◽  
Erik Hurst ◽  
Charles I. Jones ◽  
Peter J. Klenow
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
White Men ◽  
Aggregate Productivity ◽  
Occupational Distribution ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
Roy Model ◽  
Market Output ◽  
The U.S

In 1960, 94 percent of doctors and lawyers were white men. By 2010, the fraction was just 62 percent. Similar changes in other highly‐skilled occupations have occurred throughout the U.S. economy during the last 50 years. Given that the innate talent for these professions is unlikely to have changed differently across groups, the change in the occupational distribution since 1960 suggests that a substantial pool of innately talented women and black men in 1960 were not pursuing their comparative advantage. We examine the effect on aggregate productivity of the convergence in the occupational distribution between 1960 and 2010 through the prism of a Roy model. Across our various specifications, between 20% and 40% of growth in aggregate market output per person can be explained by the improved allocation of talent.

Abstract 15642: Race Sex Disparities in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes, 2005-2015 Potential Warning Signs for Future U.S. Public Health

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gursukhman Sidhu ◽  
Charisse J Ward ◽  
Keith Ferdinand
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Secondary Diagnosis ◽  
The U.S

Introduction: Despite a recent gradually slowing and perhaps recent increase in the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) related hospitalization in the United States population with diabetes, it is unclear whether the prior downward trend was uniform or there was an unbalanced division amongst sex and race. Methods: Adults aged ≥40 years old with comorbid diabetes as a secondary diagnosis were identified using the U.S. 2005-2015 National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) data. The prevalence of other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking/substance abuse, obesity, and renal failure), procedures like major amputations in the secondary diagnosis field and their association with ASCVD (acute coronary syndrome (ACS), coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, or peripheral arterial disease (PAD)) as the first-listed diagnosis were determined. Complex samples multivariate regression was used to determine the odds ratio (O.D.) with 95% confidence limits (C.L.s). Sex and race risk-adjusted ASCVD related in-hospital mortality rates were estimated. Results: The rate of total ASCVD hospitalizations adjusted to the U.S. census population increased by 5.7% for black men compared to 4% for black women cumulatively compared to a stable downtrend in white men and white women. There was a higher odd of an ASCVD hospitalizations if there was comorbid hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR 1.29; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 95% 1.28 - 1.31), dyslipidemia (OR 2.03; 95% CI 2.01 - 2.05), renal failure (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.82 - 1.86), and smoking/substance use disorder (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.29 - 1.33). When compared to white men, black men (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.3 - 1.57) and black women (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.04 - 1.27) had a higher likelihood of undergoing a major limb amputation during an ASCVD hospitalization. Conclusions: Blacks with diabetes continue to have a higher hospitalizations burden with a concomitant disparity in procedures and outcomes.

“The Real Nature and Spirit of Our Lives”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Porterfield
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Fourteenth Amendment ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Nature ◽  
Republican Liberty ◽  
The U.S

Proponents of social evolution blurred boundaries between commerce and Christianity after the Civil War, championing Christian work as a means to economic growth, republican liberty, and national prosperity. Meanwhile, workers invoked Christ to condemn patronizing attitudes toward labor, and by organizing labor unions to hold capitalists accountable to Pauline ideals of social membership. Influenced by organic theories of social organization that traced modern corporations to medieval institutions, U.S. courts began recognizing corporations as natural persons protected by rights guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which had originally be crafted to protect the rights of African Americans.

Reform, corruption, and growth: Why corruption is more devastating in Russia than in China

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Political Corruption ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intervening Factors

This article explains why massive political corruption appears to be incompatible with economic growth in Russia but compatible with very rapid economic growth in China. The common assumption is that corruption is bad for economic performance. So how can we explain the puzzling contrast between Russia and China? Is Russia being more severely “punished” for its corruption than China? If so, why? This article demonstrates that three intervening factors—comparative advantage, the organization of corruption, and the nature of rents—determines the impact of corruption on economic performance, and that these factors can explain the divergent outcomes. The article thereby offers an alternative to statist explanations of the Russia-China paradox.

scholarly journals A review of new hormonal therapies for prostate cancer in black men: is there enough data?

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias E. Meunier ◽  
Pascal Blanchet ◽  
Yann Neuzillet ◽  
Thierry Lebret ◽  
Laurent Brureau
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Men ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
First Results ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
Hormonal Therapies

Abstract Background Prostate cancer among black men is known to have specific molecular characteristics, especially the androgen receptor or enzymes related to the androgen metabolism. These targets are keys to the action of new hormonal therapies. Nevertheless, literature has a lack of data regarding black men. We aimed to gather the available literature data on new hormonal therapies among black populations. Methods We conducted a literature review from the PubMed / MEDLINE database until October 2020. All clinical studies of new hormonal therapies and black populations, regardless of methodology, were included. Results Four studies provided data on new hormonal therapies in black populations. Three studies reported a PSA decline in black patients treated with Abiraterone, higher in black men than in white men. Overall survival also appears to be higher in black patients treated with Abiraterone only or first. Conclusion Few articles have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of use of these treatments among black populations. The first results seem to show that Abiraterone can provide a benefit in overall survival in black populations. Prospective studies are needed to answer these questions in the future.

Abstract 15232: Lifetime Risk of Nontraumatic Lower-extremity Amputation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Ding ◽  
Yejin Mok ◽  
Yingying Sang ◽  
Maya Salameh ◽  
Weihong Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Men ◽  
Lower Extremity Amputation ◽  
Lifetime Risk ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Traumatic Amputation ◽  
Extremity Amputation

Introduction: Nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation is a serious clinical outcome. Major risk factors include peripheral artery disease and diabetic neuropathy. Although incidence rates of amputation have been reported, no lifetime risk estimates are available. Hypothesis: The lifetime risk of amputation is higher in men, blacks, and those of low socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: In 15,744 ARIC participants aged 45-64 at baseline (1987-89), we estimated the lifetime risk of amputation through age 80 by race-sex and race-SES using Fine and Gray’s proportional subhazards model accounting for the competing risk of death. This method is optimal for time-fixed exposures and thus our primary exposures are sex and race. SES included education, annual family income, and the Area Deprivation Index linked to census tract geocoding. Non-traumatic amputation was identified from hospitalization ICD codes (e.g., 84.1, Z89.4) and related operation codes. Results: There were 253 non-traumatic amputations during a median follow up of 29 years. Lifetime risk of amputation at age 80 was highest in black men (4.6%), followed by black women (2.8%), white men (1.1%) and white women (0.7%) ( Figure ). Blacks of low SES showed the highest lifetime risk (4.5%). Blacks with high SES had a higher lifetime risk of amputation than whites with low SES. The pattern was consistent when we investigated each of education (≤ vs. > high school), income (< vs. ≥$25,000) and Area Deprivation Index (< vs. ≥ race-specific median), separately. Conclusions: In this population-based cohort 5% of black men and 3% of black women experienced a non-traumatic amputation during their lifetime, while only 1% of white men and women had a hospitalization for amputation. The lifetime risk was higher among those with lower SES in both race groups. Future public health and primary care efforts should emphasize risk factor management (e.g., diabetes and smoking) among racial minority groups and those with low SES.

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