scholarly journals The Development of an Optimal Grid Coarsening Scheme Utilizing the Dynamic Properties of the Fine-Scale Flow Data

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Darman ◽  
G. E. Pickup ◽  
K. S. Sorbie
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Grid Coarsening

Sequentially Adapted Flow-Based PEBI Grids for Reservoir Simulation

SPE Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Mlacnik ◽  
Louis J. Durlofsky ◽  
Zoltan E. Heinemann
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Simulation ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Flow In Porous Media ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Fine Grid ◽  
Grid Coarsening ◽  
Grid Optimization ◽  
High Level

Summary A technique for the sequential generation of perpendicular-bisectional (PEBI) grids adapted to flow information is presented and applied. The procedure includes a fine-scale flow solution, the generation of an initial streamline-isopotential grid, grid optimization, and upscaling. The grid optimization is accomplished through application of a hybrid procedure with gradient and Laplacian smoothing steps, while the upscaling is based on a global-local procedure that makes use of the global solution used in the grid-determination step. The overall procedure is successfully applied to a complex channelized reservoir model involving changing well conditions. The gridding and upscaling procedures presented here may also be suitable for use with other types of structured or unstructured grid systems. Introduction Modern geological and geostatistical tools provide highly detailed descriptions of the spatial variation of reservoir properties, resulting in fine-grid models consisting of 107 to 108 gridblocks. As a consequence of this high level of detail, these models cannot be used directly in numerical reservoir simulators, but need to be coarsened significantly. Coarsening requires the averaging of rock parameters from the fine scale to the coarse scale. This process is referred to as upscaling. For simulation of flow in porous media, the upscaling of permeability is of particular interest. A large body of literature exists on this topic; for a comprehensive review of existing techniques, see Durlofsky (2005). To preserve as much of the geological information of the fine grid as possible, the grid coarsening should not be performed uniformly, but with more refinement in areas that are expected to have large impact on the flow, including structural features, such as faults. Although grid-generation techniques based on purely static, nonflow-based considerations have been shown to produce reasonable results(Garcia et al. 1992), the application of flow-based grids is often preferable. Flow-based grids require the solution of some type of fine-scale problem. They are then constructed by exploiting the information obtained from streamlines (and possibly isopotentials) either directly or indirectly. Depending on the type of grid used, points will be defined as cell vertices or nodes, resulting in either a corner-point geometry or point-distributed grid. Several gridding techniques for reservoir simulation have been introduced along these lines, as we now discuss.

scholarly journals Virtual radar ice buoys – a method for measuring fine-scale dynamic properties of sea ice

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 4701-4731 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Karvonen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Optical Flow ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Ice Dynamics ◽  
Flow Method ◽  
Optical Flow Method ◽  
Ice Drift

Abstract. Here we present an algorithm for continuous ice dynamics estimation based on coastal and ship radar data. The ice dynamics are estimated based on automatically selected ice targets in the images. These targets are here called virtual buoys (VB's) and are tracked based on an optical flow method. To maintain continuous ice drift tracking new VB's are added after a~given number of VB's have been lost i.e. they can not be tracked reliably any more. Some tracking results and some computed derived quantities for a~few test cases are presented.

scholarly journals Deriving fine-scale models of human mobility from aggregated origin-destination flow data

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. e1008588
Author(s):  
Constanze Ciavarella ◽  
Neil M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Movement Data

The spatial dynamics of epidemics are fundamentally affected by patterns of human mobility. Mobile phone call detail records (CDRs) are a rich source of mobility data, and allow semi-mechanistic models of movement to be parameterised even for resource-poor settings. While the gravity model typically reproduces human movement reasonably well at the administrative level spatial scale, past studies suggest that parameter estimates vary with the level of spatial discretisation at which models are fitted. Given that privacy concerns usually preclude public release of very fine-scale movement data, such variation would be problematic for individual-based simulations of epidemic spread parametrised at a fine spatial scale. We therefore present new methods to fit fine-scale mathematical mobility models (here we implement variants of the gravity and radiation models) to spatially aggregated movement data and investigate how model parameter estimates vary with spatial resolution. We use gridded population data at 1km resolution to derive population counts at different spatial scales (down to ∼ 5km grids) and implement mobility models at each scale. Parameters are estimated from administrative-level flow data between overnight locations in Kenya and Namibia derived from CDRs: where the model spatial resolution exceeds that of the mobility data, we compare the flow data between a particular origin and destination with the sum of all model flows between cells that lie within those particular origin and destination administrative units. Clear evidence of over-dispersion supports the use of negative binomial instead of Poisson likelihood for count data with high values. Radiation models use fewer parameters than the gravity model and better predict trips between overnight locations for both considered countries. Results show that estimates for some parameters change between countries and with spatial resolution and highlight how imperfect flow data and spatial population distribution can influence model fit.

Dynamic Properties of Fine-Scale 1-3 PZT/Epoxy Piezoelectric Composites

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 348-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Hua Zhen ◽  
Jing Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Piezoelectric Properties ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Piezoelectric Composites ◽  
Resonance Characteristic ◽  
Lateral Resonance ◽  
Thickness Mode

Fine-scale 1-3 PZT/epoxy piezoelectric composites were prepared by a dice-fill process, and their resonance characteristics and dynamic piezoelectric properties were investigated. The resonance characteristic was deeply influenced by PZT volume fraction and the thickness of 1-3 PZT/epoxy composite. The experiments proved that reducing the distance between PZT rods and/or increasing the height/width ratio could weaken the additional coupling effect of lateral resonance mode on thickness mode. The PZT/epoxy composites displayed only thickness-mode resonance when the distance between PZT rods was reduced to 220μm and its aspect ratio was increased up to 10.

Upscaling Immiscible Gas Displacements: Quantitative Use of Fine-Grid Flow Data in Grid-Coarsening Schemes

SPE Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.H. Darman ◽  
L.J. Durlofsky ◽  
K.S. Sorbie ◽  
G.E. Pickup
Keyword(s):  
Flow Data ◽  
Fine Grid ◽  
Grid Coarsening

Aquifer Acceleration in Parallel Implicit Field-Scale Reservoir Simulation

SPE Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 614-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouhong Du ◽  
Larry S. Fung ◽  
Ali H. Dogru
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Simulation ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Coarse Grid ◽  
New Method ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Fine Grid ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Grid Coarsening ◽  
Grid Solution ◽  
Simulation Results

Summary Grid coarsening outside of the areas of interest is a common method to reduce computational cost in reservoir simulation. Aquifer regions are candidates for grid coarsening. In this situation, upscaling is applied to the fine grid to generate coarse-grid flow properties. The efficacy of the approach can be judged easily by comparing the simulation results between the coarse-grid model and the fine-grid model. For many reservoirs in the Middle East bordered by active aquifers, transient water influx is an important recovery mechanism that needs to be modeled correctly. Our experience has shown that the standard grid coarsening and upscaling method do not produce correct results in this situation. Therefore, the objective of this work is to build a method that retains the fine-scale heterogeneities to accurately represent the water movement, but to significantly reduce the computational cost of the aquifer grids in the model. The new method can be viewed as a modified two-level multigrid (MTL-MG) or a specialized adaptation of the multiscale method. It makes use of the vertical-equilibrium (VE) concept in the fine-scale pressure reconstruction in which it is applicable. The method differs from the standard grid coarsening and upscaling method in which the coarse-grid properties are computed a priori. Instead, the fine-scale information is restricted to the coarse grid during Newton's iteration to represent the fine-scale flow behavior. Within the aquifer regions, each column of fine cells is coarsened vertically based on fine-scale z-transmissibility. A coarsened column may consist of a single amalgamated aquifer cell or multiple vertically disconnected aquifer cells separated by flow barriers. The pore volume (PV), compressibility, and lateral flow terms of the coarse cell are restricted from the fine-grid cells. The lateral connectivity within the aquifer regions and the one between the aquifer and the reservoir are honored, inclusive of the fine-scale description of faults, pinchouts, and null cells. Reservoir regions are not coarsened. Two alternatives exist for the fine-scale pressure reconstruction from the coarse-grid solution. The first method uses the VE concept. When VE applies, pressure variation can be analytically computed in the solution update step. Otherwise, the second method is to apply a 1D z-line solve for the fine-scale aquifer pressure from the coarse-grid solution. Simulation results for several examples are included to demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of the method. We have applied the method to several Saudi Arabian complex full-field simulation models in which the transient aquifer water influx has been identified as a key factor. These models include dual-porosity/dual-permeability (DPDP) models, as well as models with faults and pinchouts in corner-point-geometry grids, for both history match and prediction period. The method is flexible and allows for the optional selection of aquifer regions to be coarsened, either only peripheral aquifers or both the peripheral and bottom aquifers. The new method gives nearly identical results compared with the original runs without coarsening, but with significant reduction in computer time or hardware cost. These results will be detailed in the paper.

High Resolution Stereography of Complementary Freeze-Fracture Replicas Reveals the Presence of Depressions Opposite Membrane Associated Particles of Split Membranes

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 442-443
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Acid Cleaning ◽  
Cleaning Solution

Complementary replicas have revealed the fact that the two common faces observed in electron micrographs of freeze-fracture and freeze-etch specimens are complementary to each other and are thus the new faces of a split membrane rather than the original inner and outer surfaces (1, 2 and personal observations). The big question raised by published electron micrographs is why do we not see depressions in the complementary face opposite membrane-associated particles? Reports have appeared indicating that some depressions do appear but complementarity on such a fine scale has yet to be shown.Dog cardiac muscle was perfused with glutaraldehyde, washed in distilled water, then transferred to 30% glycerol (material furnished by Dr. Joaquim Sommer, Duke Univ., and VA Hospital, Durham, N.C.). Small strips were freeze-fractured in a Denton Vacuum DFE-2 Freeze-Etch Unit with complementary replica tooling. Replicas were cleaned in chromic acid cleaning solution, then washed in 4 changes of distilled water and mounted on opposite sides of the center wire of a Formvar-coated grid.

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