Urban Versus Rural

2012 ◽  
pp. 154-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beniamino Murgante ◽  
Maria Danese
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Point Pattern Analysis ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Urban Versus ◽  
Huge Variety ◽  
Soil Consumption

Until a few decades ago it was very easy to distinguish between city and country: in most cases the edge was defined by defensive barriers. In recent times, the relationships between urban and rural areas completely changed, placing the country in a subordinate position. Consequently, many terms have been coined in order to describe the new phenomena taking place between city and country. The term adopted, “periurban area”, despite its large use, does not have a clear and unambiguous definition. Such various approaches are due to the complexity of the phenomenon to be analyzed and to the huge variety of territorial contexts in which it may reveal. The phenomenon is characterized by urban growth with soil consumption generating loss of competitiveness for agricultural activities. This paper defines more precise rules in order to describe the periurban phenomenon, using techniques of spatial statistic and point pattern analysis. This approach has been tested in the case of study of Potenza municipality. Interest in this area comes after the earthquake of 1980, when a large migration of inhabitants began towards the countryside around Potenza.

Urban Versus Rural

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beniamino Murgante ◽  
Maria Danese
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Point Pattern Analysis ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Spatial Statistic ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Urban Versus ◽  
Huge Variety

Until a few decades ago it was very easy to distinguish between city and country: in most cases the edge was defined by defensive barriers. In recent times, the relationships between urban and rural areas completely changed, placing the country in a subordinate position. Consequently, many terms have been coined in order to describe the new phenomena taking place between city and country. The term adopted, “periurban area”, despite its large use, does not have a clear and unambiguous definition. Such various approaches are due to the complexity of the phenomenon to be analyzed and to the huge variety of territorial contexts in which it may reveal. The phenomenon is characterized by urban growth with soil consumption generating loss of competitiveness for agricultural activities. This paper defines more precise rules in order to describe the periurban phenomenon, using techniques of spatial statistic and point pattern analysis. This approach has been tested in the case of study of Potenza municipality. Interest in this area comes after the earthquake of 1980, when a large migration of inhabitants began towards the countryside around Potenza.

scholarly journals Assessment of Women participation in Agriculture in Vavuniya district, Sri Lanka

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-162
Author(s):  
Gopalakrishnan Tharani ◽  
Mohamed Sameem Roshan Akther ◽  
Nanthakumaran Ananthini
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Women Participation

An attempt was made to assess the women contribution towards agriculture in Vavuniya district, Sri Lanka. 60 farm family households' women were randomly selected from rural and urban area of Kovilkulam AI region of Vavuniya district in Sri Lanka and the data were collected by constructed questionnaire. The objectives of this study are to identify the factors contributing women participation in agriculture, to identify the constraints faced by the women in participating agriculture and to evaluate the women participation in decision making activity in agriculture. Minitab 15 and MS excel were used for data analysis. The level of women participation in agricultural activities was found out using chi-square test and the factors contributing for women participation in agricultural activities were identified using multiple regression analysis in urban and rural areas separately (α=0.05). The results revealed that 90% of the rural women respondents and 50% of the urban respondents participated in the agricultural activities which is a significant difference. The mean values of women participation in agricultural activities in urban and rural areas were 77 hours and 836 hours per annum respectively. The multiple regression model for women participation in urban area found that the participation of women negatively correlated with status of employment, age and education level (p=0.000). In rural area, age and educational level were negatively influencing on women participation in agricultural activities (p=0.000). R-square values of fitted regression models were 72 % and 91% in urban and rural area respectively 72% and 91% variation in respective women participation were explained by these models. The obstacles for the women in participation in agricultural activities were reported as lack of knowledge and training in agriculture field, family burden, cultural and social barriers and physical constraints. 60% of women from rural areas and 90% of women from urban areas were involved in decision making especially in the selection of crops and varieties for planting and livestock rearing. Enhancing the awareness and the technical knowledge to the women in the field of agriculture would contribute to increase income from agriculture at household level, district level and finally at national level. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 3, Issue-3: 159-162

scholarly journals Mapping and Characterizing the Green Belt of Córdoba: Land Dynamics and the Urban-Rural Transformation Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás A. Mari ◽  
Nicolás A. Mari ◽  
Beatriz Giobellina ◽  
Beatriz Giobellina ◽  
Alejandro Benitez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Green Belt ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The City

In Córdoba, Argentina, the peri-urban horticulture is in conflict with industrial agriculture and urban development. This problem is partly due to urban expansion to rural areas occurred in the last years and to monoculture farming, which has replaced traditional fruit and vegetable cropping in the region. This transformation process has raised concern about the current and future availability of productive sectors that can sustain food supply within the city boundaries and its immediate surroundings as well as about the loss of ecosystem services associated with peri-urban natural environments. Although these dynamic processes are well known, they have not been described or quantified in Córdoba. Baseline information about land use and its dynamics in productive areas or about number of producers is insufficient and/or out of date. At O-AUPA (Spanish acronym for Observatory of Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture and Agroecology) different mapping strategies are developed to contribute to the understanding of the land dynamics in the Green Belt of Córdoba (GBC) and the rural environments surrounding the city. In this work, we present a method based on the use of remote sensing and geographical information systems to characterize urban, peri-urban and rural areas of Córdoba city with the aim of evaluating the temporal dynamics of urban growth and the current state of land use and cover. We mapped and quantified the urban growth between 1974 and 2014, and evaluated land use in peri-urban and rural areas in 2015. We used satellite information from Landsat TM 5 to map the urban growth via a principal component analysis (PCA) and SPOT 5 imagery to characterize the current land use and land cover with the support vector machine classification algorithm. The results show an urban area growth of 46.5% over almost 40 years within the boundaries of the Capital department. Farm plot size increased, showing a concentration of land ownership, implying a reduced number of producers. Evidence indicates the importance of defining land planning guidelines that limit the advance of the urban frontier to valuable agricultural systems, ensure diversification of productive activities and protect and develop the fresh food production systems at the local level.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Xuefei Ren
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Democratic Deliberation ◽  
China And India ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Municipal Level

This chapter discusses the consequences of the territorial and associational forms of the governing cities in China and India. It analyzes why China's and India's approach have not been able to deliver a just and equitable urban growth. It looks into the territorial forms of governance in China that have created not only a deep cleavage between urban and rural areas, but also unprecedented levels of disparity across cities and towns throughout the country. The chapter also looks into the associational politics of India that has produced inequalities and caused the exclusion of citizens from particular alliances and partnerships. It emphasizes how China and India should move forward by adopting a model that can empower municipal-level urban authorities in order to preserve space for democratic deliberation.

scholarly journals Dichotomy between urban and rural areas: statistical data may not reveal the synergy between these two existing spaces

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-189
Author(s):  
Washington Pereira Campos ◽  
Marina Aparecida Da Silveira ◽  
Márcio Caliari ◽  
Alcido Elenor Wander
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Rural Labor ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Exodus

The gains in non-agricultural activities represents a new dynamic in rural Brazil and now has representation in Brazil from the 1990s. In this perspective, the Brazilian countryside is undergoing a reconfiguration, pointing to an intensification of the urbanization of rural areas, especially in peri-urban areas. The installation of industries in rural areas, the deployment of agribusinesses and food exporters and utilization of rural labor for those industries, are tying the stretches between urban and rural areas. Thus, rural households are increasing income through agricultural and non-agricultural activities. The rural environment is no longer exclusively agricultural. It went on to have a diversified productive base and integrated economy in the region. Since there is a growing rural human being mobility, as well as an improvement in communication and access to information and greater integration between markets reducing the dichotomy between urban and rural. On the other hand the expansion of the cultivation of sugar cane on a region can increase the (Gross National Product) GNP per capita of the region and enable an increase economical activity. Thus, the rural household pluri-activity can be an alternative to increase the income of these families as they, increasingly integrate with the local market. It is known that with rising incomes and improving the welfare of the rural population can reduce the rural exodus that became increasing in the country since the 1970s. However, in areas with predominantly or expansion of monoculture, as an example of cane sugar, may be an increased land concentration and a worsening of income distribution in a region, and to record an increasing in rural migration, Environmental degradation and reduced local production diversification. An analysis of several indicators, socio-economic and environmental, through the Dashboard of Sustainability is possible to tell which category has the highest rate of farmer sustainability, whether smallholders or monoculture. However, the secondary data available in Brazil today does not support a thorough analysis of the participation of each actor and to which the interconnection between the actors and their synergy in local economic activity. Since, given the narrowing between urban and rural, the statistical data available are not able to demonstrate the extent to which gives the rural-urban dichotomy. Thus, it is relevant to point out and discuss ways to provide consistent statistical data and be, in fact, able to demonstrate the local reality of a region within the welfare actors.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING URBAN GROWTH BOUNDARY AS MECHANISM TO PLAN FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narimah Samat ◽  
Mohd Amirul Mahamud ◽  
Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki ◽  
Mohd Azmeer Abu Bakar ◽  
Leong Tan Mou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Urban Growth Boundary ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Urban encroachment into the peri-urban areas has blurred the borders between urban and rural areas. Thus, the urban growth boundary (UGB) has been used to encourage the sustainable development of cities and improve long-term planning efficiency. Studying the understanding of the UGB concept in ensuring sustainable development in Malaysia would be beneficial. This study aimed to investigate the perception and understanding of the UGB concept and function to achieve sustainable urban development. An online survey was conducted involving 82 experts, which comprised planners from PLANMalaysia and academicians in the field of urban planning. Results indicated that the perception of the UGB score was significantly greater by 1.16 than the normal score of 3, which indicated that the experts agreed that UGB could improve the urban development. The findings also indicated that the existing planning policy and inclusion of UGB had protected agricultural and natural land; however, stricter and tighter borderless development should be conducted.

scholarly journals (P2-8) Analysis of the Performance of Emergency Medical Services Management of 51 Mass-Casualty Incidents in Israel

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s137-s138
Author(s):  
E. Jaffe
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Mass Casualty Incidents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
Education Interventions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Versus ◽  
Analyze Data

IntroductionBetween February 2002 and January 2004, a total of 51 terrorism-related mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) occurred in Israel.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to analyze data provided in After Action Reports (AAR) held by Magen David Adom (MDA), after each MCI.MethodsInformation relating to the type of MCI, location, number of ambulances dispatched in five-minute intervals from time of notification, and number of casualties evacuated by urgency in five-minute intervals from the start of the incident was analyzed.ResultsThere were 34 MCIs in 2002, 15 in 2003, and two in 2004. More MCIs (24%) occurred on Wednesdays, and more MCIs occurred during the 05:30–08:59 (18%), 12:00–14:59 (20%), and 17.00–19.59 (24%) time slots. More MCIs occurred in the Jerusalem (24%) area, followed by Tel Aviv (16%). Twenty-six percent of the MCIs resulted from explosions in open areas, 22% in buses, 20% from shootings, and 28% from explosions in semi-closed and closed areas. The mean dispatch time of the first ambulance after notification was 48 seconds. An average of 14.25 ambulances were dispatched in the first five minutes, followed by eight, three, and three in the five-minute slots following. An ANOVA indicated a significant difference in dispatch times by towns/cities (p = 0.05). The average arrival of the first ambulance was 6.4 minutes, and evacuation of the first urgent casualty was 13.6 minutes, the last evacuation was 26.5 minutes after arrival. More urgent casualties (45%) compared to 20% non-urgent were evacuated in first 15 minutes; the majority of non-urgent victims (79%) were evacuated after 16 minutes. The mean number of dispatched ambulances ranged from 37.9 to 26 in urban versus rural areas, respectively. The number of ambulances actually used for evacuation in urban and rural areas was 55% and 44%, respectively.ConclusionsInformation analyzed from AAR is useful for improving Standard Operating Procedures and structuring continuing education interventions for MCIs.

scholarly journals A Novel Model for Detecting Urban Fringe and Its Expanding Patterns: An Application in Harbin City, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 876
Author(s):  
Yuan Wang ◽  
Yilong Han ◽  
Lijie Pu ◽  
Bo Jiang ◽  
Shaofeng Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Urban Fringe ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Transitional Area ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Harbin City ◽  
Social Economies ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Urban fringe is an active expanding belt, indicating urban-rural interaction processes. Previous studies have attempted to define urban fringe as the transitional area between urban and rural areas, but there is a lack of quantitative analysis of the periphery boundaries. We developed a novel , the Spatial Segmentation Model (SSM), to detect the extent of urban fringe via calculating the share of the built-up land. Within the urban fringe, we statistically compared the number of built-up patches in each direction and described four urban expanding patterns (stable, sprawling, leaping, and mixing patterns) indicated by the empirical analysis. The results show that this model can reliably detect the urban fringe and could reveal urban growth characteristics. We find the spatial territory changes are highly relative with transport infrastructures in Harbin. Meanwhile, the roads density in the urban core are higher than in the urban fringe. Especially for city roads, roads density in the urban core is more than 4 times higher than in the urban fringe. The growth of the urban fringe is closely related to the development of social economies as well as the space policies and development plans designed by governments. Similar to the post-industry cities worldwide, Harbin should take action to address population decline. Effective land-use and suitable urban growth strategies play an important role in alleviating urban shrinkage. Thus, understanding the dynamics, urban expanding patterns, and driving factors in the urban fringe can help us form a basis for future urban development.

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