scholarly journals Assessment of Women participation in Agriculture in Vavuniya district, Sri Lanka

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-162
Author(s):  
Gopalakrishnan Tharani ◽  
Mohamed Sameem Roshan Akther ◽  
Nanthakumaran Ananthini
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Women Participation

An attempt was made to assess the women contribution towards agriculture in Vavuniya district, Sri Lanka. 60 farm family households' women were randomly selected from rural and urban area of Kovilkulam AI region of Vavuniya district in Sri Lanka and the data were collected by constructed questionnaire. The objectives of this study are to identify the factors contributing women participation in agriculture, to identify the constraints faced by the women in participating agriculture and to evaluate the women participation in decision making activity in agriculture. Minitab 15 and MS excel were used for data analysis. The level of women participation in agricultural activities was found out using chi-square test and the factors contributing for women participation in agricultural activities were identified using multiple regression analysis in urban and rural areas separately (α=0.05). The results revealed that 90% of the rural women respondents and 50% of the urban respondents participated in the agricultural activities which is a significant difference. The mean values of women participation in agricultural activities in urban and rural areas were 77 hours and 836 hours per annum respectively. The multiple regression model for women participation in urban area found that the participation of women negatively correlated with status of employment, age and education level (p=0.000). In rural area, age and educational level were negatively influencing on women participation in agricultural activities (p=0.000). R-square values of fitted regression models were 72 % and 91% in urban and rural area respectively 72% and 91% variation in respective women participation were explained by these models. The obstacles for the women in participation in agricultural activities were reported as lack of knowledge and training in agriculture field, family burden, cultural and social barriers and physical constraints. 60% of women from rural areas and 90% of women from urban areas were involved in decision making especially in the selection of crops and varieties for planting and livestock rearing. Enhancing the awareness and the technical knowledge to the women in the field of agriculture would contribute to increase income from agriculture at household level, district level and finally at national level. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 3, Issue-3: 159-162

scholarly journals Rural and urban prevalence of sexual assault against women in an African population

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-635
Author(s):  
Adeleke NA ◽  
Adebimpe WO ◽  
Farinloye EO ◽  
Olowookere AS
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Sexual assault is about the most dehumanizing form of gender based violence against women worldwide. Nigeria and many other countries in Africa do not have National data on women sexual assault. This survey is aimed at generating data on sexual assault against women in Osun state, Nigeria. Objective: To determine the patterns of sexual assault against women in Urban and Rural areas of Osun State in South western Nigeria. Methodology: A cross section survey using interviewer administered questionnaire was carried out among selected 1,200 women aged 15 years and above in urban and rural areas, between August and December 2014. The questionnaire was patterned after WHO Multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence data instrument. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 23.75 ±(13.22) years in rural area, in the urban area it was 27.69 ±(10.23) years. 46 % and 54 % were married in urban and rural areas respectively. The prevalence of completed rape was 10.0 % in urban and 9.2 % in rural, while that of attempted rape was 31.4 % and 20.0 % in the urban and rural area respectively. Women in the rural areas experienced repeat sexual assault and suffered non-genital injuries more the in urban area. Having partner and living in urban area were associated with female sexual assault. Conclusions: Sexual assault against women constitutes public health issue in Osun state with rural women incurring greater negative health consequences. Primary prevention strategies should focus at young men and women in both rural and urban areas of the state. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(3) 2019 p.628-635

scholarly journals The seasonal variability of the amount of global solar radiation reaching the ground in urban and rural areas on the example of Warsaw and Belsk

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Kinga Nelken ◽  
Kamil Leziak
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Urban Station ◽  
Reverse Relationship ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to determine the contemporary differences in the inflow of global solar radiation in Warsaw (urban station) and Belsk (rural station). The meteorological data used comprised daily sums of global solar radiation (in MJ•m−2) and the duration of sunshine (in hours) for the period 2008 2014. On clear days in spring and summer, the rural area receives more solar radiation in comparison to the urban area, whereas in autumn a reverse relationship occurs. On cloudy days in all seasons, the rural area receives more solar radiation than the urban area, and the relationship is the strongest in winter. Differences between urban and rural areas on cloudy days are smaller than those observed on clear days.

scholarly journals Invertebrate fauna of Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings and its connection with the nitrogen, sulphur and phenolics concentration of the needles

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Laine ◽  
Juhani Itämies ◽  
Markku Orell ◽  
Sisko Kvist
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Invertebrate Fauna ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The composition of the invertebrate fauna living on young Norway spruce (Picea abies) branches was studied in northern Finland both in urban and rural areas during the summer months of 1988. Attention was given to the total nitrogen, sulphur and phenolics concentration of the needles. The material consisted of 52627 invertebrates from 300 separate spruce saplings. Mites formed the majority of the invertebrates. Most numerous were Ameronothrus dubinini, Diapterobates humeralis and Ceratoppia bipilis. Springtails and spiders were also numerous. The invertebrate abundances were highest in the urban areas of Isko and Linnanmaa, where the sulphur and nitrogen concentration of the needles was high and the phenolics/nitrogen ratio low. The lowest invertebrate abundances were found in Rusko, the most urban area, and Taivalkoski, the most rural area. Nitrogen and sulphur concentrations were highest at Rusko and lowest at Taivalkoski. Possible reasons for the results are discussed.

scholarly journals A study on prevalence of various risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases in urban and rural areas of Dharwad region

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5101
Author(s):  
Murari Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Pushpa S. Patil ◽  
Umesh R. Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Tobacco Usage

Background: Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is routinely carried out in developed countries. The aim was to study the prevalence of risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases in urban and rural areas of Dharwada population.Methods: A total of 652 subjects (male-328; female-324) with an age group 15-64 years from rural and urban areas of Dharwad population were selected for the present study. Pregnant women, severe chronic illness, bedridden patients and subjects who refused to participate in the study were excluded from the study. Age-sex, religion educational status, and occupation, type of family, socioeconomic status followed by a questionnaire on the use of tobacco, alcohol were collected and tabulated.Results: Subjects with tobacco smoking habit were 30 (9.2%) in the urban area which was more in comparison to 11 (3.4%) in the rural area. In the urban area, tobacco usage was more among males (62.9%) and unemployed (55.9%) and it was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). In the rural area, tobacco usage was more among 40-64 years age group (39.4%), males (61.6%), literates (39.4%), employed (48.8%) and lower socioeconomic group (39.2%) and it was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The alcohol consumption habit among the study subjects was more in the age group of 40-64 years in both urban (18.3%) and rural (9.6%) area and they were found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: Consumption of tobacco, alcohol is the major risk factor in the management of cardiovascular diseases in the urban and rural population.

scholarly journals Molecular detection of Ehrlichia canisin dogs from the Pantanal of Mato Grosso State, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Gabriela Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Andréia Lima Tomé Melo ◽  
Jonas Moraes-Filho ◽  
Rute Witter ◽  
Marcelo Bahia Labruna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Pcr Targeting

The present study evaluated the presence of EhrlichiaDNA in the blood samples of 320 dogs from the urban and rural areas of the municipality of Poconé, Pantanal region, Mato Grosso state, by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), targeting the ehrlichial dsbgene. Risk factors for infection in dogs were also evaluated. Forty-eight (15%, 95% CI: 11.4-19.5%) dogs were positive: 25 (15.6%, 95% CI: 10.4-22.2%) from the urban area and 23 (14.4%, 95% CI: 9.3-20.8%) from the rural area (P > 0.05). Partial DNA sequence obtained from PCR products of 18 samples from the urban area and 16 samples from the rural area were 100% identical to E. canis from Brazil and the USA. This study reports the first E. canis molecular detection in dogs from the northern Pantanal region.

scholarly journals An Investigation of How Basic Education Level Explains the Phenomena of Unemployment Differently in Urban and Rural Areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inaya Sari Melati ◽  
Fitri Andriani Setyowati
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Basic Studies ◽  
Urban People

This study aims to determine the effect of basic education level on unemployment and poverty rate based on the classification of urban and rural areas. The data were taken from Wonosobo Regency as the poorest district in Central Java, Indonesia, with the percentage of poor population of 20.32%. Using descriptive quantitative and linear regressions with dummy variable, we analyzed the distinguished effect of basic education level towards unemployment and poverty rate between urban and rural areas. The results show that, generally, basic education level affected unemployment and poverty rate. The basic education level affected unemployment rate in both urban and rural areas. However, the basic education level in urban area did not have an effect as significant as that in rural area in affecting poverty rate. Urban people faced more competitive workforce market that made them need more than just the basic education. Therefore, even most of them had finished their primary and secondary school; it did not mean they are not going to be trapped in poverty. Meanwhile, the basic education of rural people affected the poverty rate as the more people did not finish their basic studies; the more people had no eligibility in doing proper jobs to achieve the wealth.   Keywords: basic education level, poverty, rural area, unemployment, urban area

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Prevalence of RTI/STI Symptoms and Treatment Seeking Behaviour among the Married Women in Urban and Rural Areas of Delhi

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Anjana Verma ◽  
Jitendra Kumar Meena ◽  
Bratati Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Background. In developing countries, women are at high risk for several reproductive health problems especially RTI/STIs. Since all RTIs/ STIs are preventable and most of them are curable, it is pertinent to study the determinants of the health seeking behaviour.Objectives. To compare the prevalence and treatment seeking behaviour about RTI/STI symptoms among the married women of reproductive age group (18–45 years) living in urban and rural area of Delhi.Methods. A cross-sectional study was done among the married women of reproductive age group residing in Pooth Khurd, a village in North West district of Delhi, and Delhi Gate, an urban locality situated in central Delhi.Results. In this study, the prevalence of RTI/STI symptoms was found to be similar in both urban (42.3%) and rural area (42%). In urban area, 73% sought treatment, while in rural area only 45.6% sought treatment. Prevalence of the symptoms was found to be higher among the study subjects who were not using any contraceptive method, had history of abortion, and were with lower educational status, in both urban and rural areas. Treatment seeking behaviour was significantly higher among the educated women, contraceptive users, and older age group women in both rural and urban area.

scholarly journals Kelainan refraksi pada siswa SMP daerah pedesaan

e-CliniC ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indo Mamesah ◽  
Josefien S. M. Saerang ◽  
Laya M. Rares
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract: Visual impairment is defined as a functional limitation of the eye/eyes or visual system and can manifest in decreased visual acuity or contrast sensitivity, visual field loss, photophobia, visual distortion, visual perceptual difficulties, or a combination of them. Examination of the eye and vision assessment are very important to detect conditions that can cause blindness and serious systemic conditions, which cause problems in school performance, or at a more severe level, life threatening. This study aimed to obtain the occurence of refractive anomalies among junior high school students in rural areas. This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in SMP I Wori (rural area) and SMP I Airmadidi (urban area). There were 60 respondents; 30 respondents of each school. Distributions of respondent genders were nearly the same for both schools; the number of females was higher than males. The majority of SMP I Airmadidi students were 11 years old (36.7%), meanwhile the majority of SMP Wori students were 13 years (50%). Most student complaints in SMP I Airmadidi were itchy eyes and drowsiness (16.7%), meanwhile in SMP I Wori was headache (18.4%). Visual impairment was found in 16.6% of students of SMP I Airmadidi, meanwhile in SMP I there was no student with refractive anomaly. Conclusion: There was no refractive anomaly found among students of rural area, however, among students of urban area myopia was the refractive anomaly found.Keywords: refractive anomalyAbstrak: Gangguan penglihatan didefinisikan sebagai suatu keterbatasan fungsional pada mata atau kedua mata atau sistem visual yang dapat bermanifestasi terhadap penurunan ketajaman penglihatan atau sensitifitas kontras, hilangnya lapangan penglihatan, photofobia, distorsi visual, kesulitan perseptual visual atau kombinasi dari semua diatas. Pemeriksaan mata dan penilaian penglihatan sangat penting untuk mendeteksi kondisi yang dapat menyebabkan kebutaan dan kondisi sistemik serius, yang memicu masalah performa di sekolah, atau pada tingkat yang lebih berat, mengancam kehidupan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kelainan refraksi pada anak SMP di daerah pedesaan. Jenis penelitian ini analitik observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan di SMPN I Wori (daerah luar Minahasa Utara/pedesaan) dan SMPN I Airmadidi (kota Kabupaten Minahasa Utara), dan diperoleh 60 responden penelitian. Distribusi jenis kelamin responden kedua sekolah hampir sama dimana jumlah perempuan lebih banyak dari laki-laki. Usia terbanyak di SMPN I Airmadidi ialah 11 tahun (36,7%) sedangkan di SMPN Wori 13 tahun (50%). Keluhan terbanyak siswa di SMPN I Airmadidi ialah mata gatal dan rasa kantuk (16,7%), sedangkan di SMPN I Wori ialah sakit kepala (18, 4%). Gangguan penglihatan ditemukan pada responden di SMPN I Airmadidi sebanyak 16,6 % sedangkan di SMPN I tidak ditemukan kelainan visus. Simpulan: Tidak ditemukan adanya gangguan refraksi pada siswa SMP di daerah pedesaan. Kelainan refraksi miopia ditemukan pada siswa SMP di perkotaan.Kata kunci: gangguan refraksi

scholarly journals Work motivation and job satisfaction of health workers in urban and rural areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 735-743
Author(s):  
Maja Grujicic ◽  
Jelena Jovicic-Bata ◽  
Slavica Radjen ◽  
Budimka Novakovic ◽  
Sandra Sipetic-Grujicic
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background/Aim. Motivated and job satisfied health professionals represent a basis of success of modern health institutions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was a difference in work motivation and job satisfaction between health workers in urban and rural areas in the region of Central Serbia. Methods. The study included 396 health professionals from urban setting, and 436 from a rural area, employed in four randomly selected health facilities. An anonymous questionnaire was used for data gathering. Statistical analysis was performed using ?2, Student t-test, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and logistic regression analysis. Results. Urban health professionals were significantly more motivated and job satisfied than respondents from rural area. In relation to work motivation factors and job satisfaction of health professionals in urban and rural areas, there were no significant differences in working conditions and current equipment, and in terms of job satisfaction there were no significant differences in relation to income either. Conclusion. In order to increase the level of work motivation and job satisfaction of health workers in rural areas, apart from better income, they should get more assistance and support from their supervisors, and awards for good job performance; interpersonal relationships, promotion and advancement opportunities, managerial performance and cooperation at work should be improved; employment security should be provided, as well as more independence at work, with professional supervision of health workers.

Bringing the Internet to the Rural Area

2013 ◽  
pp. 438-460
Author(s):  
Zulkefli bin Ibrahim ◽  
Ainin Sulaiman ◽  
Tengku M. Faziharudean
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Malaysia aims to be an information society by the year 2020 can only be achieved if the mass population, that include those who live in the rural area, has the access to use the ICT. This is due to the uneven distribution of the basic telecommunication infostructure between the urban and rural areas in Malaysia that left the rural area to be at the disadvantage to access the ICT. Meanwhile, there are many programs that have been implemented by the government to encourage the rural population to use the Internet, such as ‘Kedaikom’, a community based telecenter serving the rural population. A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate how ‘Kedaikom’ as a community based telecenter could assist in diffusing the usage of the ICT to the rural population. The result from the survey has indicated that the community telecenter could be used to bridge the digital divide between the underserved rural community and the well-accessed urban community. More of the rural population, especially from the younger generation and those with higher education background (irrespective of age) are using the community telecenter to be connected to the Internet.

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