Hierarchical Order I

2013 ◽  
pp. 48-69
Keyword(s):  
Level Structure ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Hierarchical Level ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Universal Properties ◽  
Quantum Phenomena

The purpose of the hierarchical organization is to strengthen the response by means of two general implements: (i) specification of multi-level structure so that each level to respond to specific impacts; (ii) the levels cooperate one with another by means of inter-level feedbacks. The role of the inter-level feedbacks is to sustain the response of any given level bounded by means of keeping local amplifications, local damping, and other non-linear effects restrained. The general purpose of the inter-level feedbacks to sustain long-term stability suggests that they must obey boundedness. Further, the ubiquity of the universal properties of the complex systems promptly suggests that the inter-level feedbacks must appear as a bounded “environment” for every hierarchical level. The non-trivial application of the concept of boundedness to quantum phenomena is considered.

THE ROLE OF POLYETHYLENIMINE IN ENHANCING PERFORMANCE OF GLUTAMATE BIOSENSORS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Diep Do Thi Hong ◽  
Duong Le Phuoc ◽  
Hoai Nguyen Thi ◽  
Serra Pier Andrea ◽  
Rocchitta Gaia
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Good Reproducibility ◽  
Complex Matrices ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
In Vitro Characterization ◽  
Glutamate Oxidase

Background: The first biosensor was constructed more than fifty years ago. It was composed of the biorecognition element and transducer. The first-generation enzyme biosensors play important role in monitoring neurotransmitter and determine small quantities of substances in complex matrices of the samples Glutamate is important biochemicals involved in energetic metabolism and neurotransmission. Therefore, biosensors requires the development a new approach exhibiting high sensibility, good reproducibility and longterm stability. The first-generation enzyme biosensors play important role in monitoring neurotransmitter and determine small quantities of substances in complex matrices of the samples. The aims of this work: To find out which concentration of polyethylenimine (PEI) exhibiting the most high sensibility, good reproducibility and long-term stability. Methods: We designed and developed glutamate biosensor using different concentration of PEI ranging from 0% to 5% at Day 1 and Day 8. Results: After Glutamate biosensors in-vitro characterization, several PEI concentrations, ranging from 0.5% to 1% seem to be the best in terms of VMAX, the KM; while PEI content ranging from 0.5% to 1% resulted stable, PEI 1% displayed an excellent stability. Conclusions: In the result, PEI 1% perfomed high sensibility, good stability and blocking interference. Furthermore, we expect to develop and characterize an implantable biosensor capable of detecting glutamate, glucose in vivo. Key words: Glutamate biosensors, PEi (Polyethylenimine) enhances glutamate oxidase, glutamate oxidase biosensors

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) for drug delivery: Role of Liquid lipid (oil)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisha D’Souza ◽  
Ranjita Shegokar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Natural Oils ◽  
Optimal Drug

: In recent years, SLNs and NLCs are among the popular drug delivery systems studied for delivery of lipophilic drugs. Both systems have demonstrated several beneficial properties as an ideal drug-carrier, optimal drug-loading and good long-term stability. NLCs are getting popular due to their stability advantages and possibility to load various oil components either as an active or as a matrix. This review screens types of oils used till date in combination with solid lipid to form NLCs. These oils are broadly classified in two categories: Natural oils and Essential oils. NLCs offer range advantages in drug delivery due to the formation of imperfect matrix owing to the presence of oil. The type and percentage of oil used determines optimal drug loading and stability. Literature shows that variety of oils is used in NLCs mainly as matrix, which is from natural origin, triglycerides class. On the other hand, essential oils not only serve as a matrix but as an active. In short, oil is the key ingredient in formation of NLCs, hence needs to be selected wisely as per the performance criteria expected.

scholarly journals Scribing Method for Carbon Perovskite Solar Modules

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone M. P. Meroni ◽  
Katherine E. A. Hooper ◽  
Tom Dunlop ◽  
Jenny A. Baker ◽  
David Worsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Screen Printing ◽  
Fill Factor ◽  
Transparent Electrode ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cell ◽  
Metal Contacts ◽  
Good Efficiency ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
First Time

The fully printable carbon triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cell (C-PSC) has already demonstrated good efficiency and long-term stability, opening the possibility of lab-to-fab transition. Modules based on C-PSC architecture have been reported and, at present, are achieved through the accurate registration of each of the patterned layers using screen-printing. Modules based on this approach were reported with geometric fill factor (g-FF) as high as 70%. Another approach to create the interconnects, the so-called scribing method, was reported to achieve more than 90% g-FF for architectures based on evaporated metal contacts, i.e., without a carbon counter electrode. Here, for the first time, we adopt the scribing method to selectively remove materials within a C-PSC. This approach allowed a deep and selective scribe to open an aperture from the transparent electrode through all the layers, including the blocking layer, enabling a direct contact between the electrodes in the interconnects. In this work, a systematic study of the interconnection area between cells is discussed, showing the key role of the FTO/carbon contact. Furthermore, a module on 10 × 10 cm2 substrate with the optimised design showing efficiency over 10% is also demonstrated.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Mutagenesis Prevents Ribosomal DNA Deterioration: The Role of Duplications and Deletions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3207-3217
Author(s):  
Enrico Sandro Colizzi ◽  
Paulien Hogeweg
Keyword(s):  
Genome Stability ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Genetic Operators ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Number Variation

Abstract Clashes between transcription and replication complexes can cause point mutations and chromosome rearrangements on heavily transcribed genes. In eukaryotic ribosomal RNA genes, the system that prevents transcription–replication conflicts also causes frequent copy number variation. Such fast mutational dynamics do not alter growth rates in yeast and are thus selectively near neutral. It was recently found that yeast regulates these mutations by means of a signaling cascade that depends on the availability of nutrients. Here, we investigate the long-term evolutionary effect of the mutational dynamics observed in yeast. We developed an in silico model of single-cell organisms whose genomes mutate more frequently when transcriptional load is larger. We show that mutations induced by high transcriptional load are beneficial when biased toward gene duplications and deletions: they decrease mutational load even though they increase the overall mutation rates. In contrast, genome stability is compromised when mutations are not biased toward gene duplications and deletions, even when mutations occur much less frequently. Taken together, our results show that the mutational dynamics observed in yeast are beneficial for the long-term stability of the genome and pave the way for a theory of evolution where genetic operators are themselves cause and outcome of the evolutionary dynamics.

On the Role of H2 as an Inhibitor of UO2 Matrix Dissolution

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Merino ◽  
Xavier Gaona ◽  
Lara Duro ◽  
Jordi Bruno ◽  
Aurora Marti´nez-Esparza
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Water Radiolysis ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
Dissolution Rates ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability

The study of spent fuel behaviour under disposal conditions is usually based on conservative approaches assuming oxidising conditions produced by water radiolysis at the fuel/water interface. However, the presence of H2 from container corrosion can inhibit the dissolution of the UO2 matrix and enhance its long-term stability. Several studies have confirmed the decrease in dissolution rates when H2 is present in the system, although the exact mechanisms of interaction have not been fully established. This paper deals with a radiolytic modelling exercise to explore the consequences of the interaction of H2 with radicals generated by radiolysis in the homogeneous phase. The main conclusion is that in all the modelled cases the presence of H2 in the system leads to a decrease in matrix dissolution. The extent of the inhibition, and the threshold partial pressure for the inhibition to take place, both depend in a complex way on the chemical composition of the water and the type of radiation present in the system.

Role of Carbon Nanotubes to Enhance the Long-Term Stability of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

ACS Photonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahyar Mohammadnezhad ◽  
Gurpreet Singh Selopal ◽  
Zhiming M. Wang ◽  
Barry Stansfield ◽  
Haiguang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Dye Sensitized ◽  
Sensitized Solar Cells

scholarly journals Requirement of the C-terminal proline residue for stability of the Ca2+-activated photoprotein aequorin

1993 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
N J Watkins ◽  
A K Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Light Emission ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
In Vitro Transcription ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Proline Residue ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Recombinant Aequorin

cDNA coding for the Ca(2+)-activated photoprotein aequorin from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has been engineered to investigate the role of the C-terminal proline residue in bioluminescence. Recombinant aequorin proteins were synthesized by PCR followed by in vitro transcription/translation, and characterized by specific activity, stability, and affinity for coelenterazine. The C-terminal proline residue of aequorin was shown to be essential for the long-term stability of the bound coelenterazine. Aequorin minus proline had only 1% of the specific activity of the wild-type after 2 h, and was virtually inactive after 18 h. The instability of this variant was further demonstrated by re-activating with a coelenterazine analogue (epsilon-coelenterazine), where maximum reactivation was reached in 15 min, and the luminescent activity was almost completely abolished within 3 h. Replacement of the C-terminal proline residue with histidine or glutamic acid decreased the specific activity to 10 and 19% of that of the wild-type respectively. However these variants were also unstable, having t1/2 values of 2.4 h and 2.3 h respectively. Enhancement of the Ca(2+)-independent light emission when proline was replaced by histidine confirmed the stabilizing role of the C-terminal proline. No significant effect of removal of the C-terminal proline was detected on the affinity for coelenterazine.

The role of sleep in the formation and updating of abstract mental representations

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonino Visalli ◽  
Nicola Cellini
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Abstract Representations

Abstract According to Gilead and colleagues, to be efficient abstraction requires a hierarchical organization of information into long-term memory. But, how and when are abstract representations consolidated into long-term memory and how are they integrated with pre-existing abstracta are questions not discussed by Gilead and colleagues. Here, we propose that these processes occur preferentially during offline periods such as sleep.

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