scholarly journals Security of Wireless Devices using Biological-Inspired RF Fingerprinting Technique

2014 ◽  
pp. 311-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed ur Rehman ◽  
Shafiq Alam ◽  
Iman T. Ardekani
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Wireless Devices ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Neural Network Classification ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Rf Fingerprinting ◽  
Wireless Device ◽  
Rf Fingerprint ◽  
Rf Fingerprints ◽  
Unknown Signal

Radio Frequency (RF) fingerprinting is a security mechanism inspired by biological fingerprint identification systems. RF fingerprinting is proposed as a means of providing an additional layer of security for wireless devices. RF fingerprinting classification is performed by selecting an “unknown” signal from the pool, generating its RF fingerprint, and using a classifier to correlate the received RF fingerprint with each profile RF fingerprint stored in the database. Unlike a human biological fingerprint, RF fingerprint of a wireless device changes with the received Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and varies due to mobility of the transmitter/receiver and environment. The variations in the features of RF fingerprints affect the classification results of the RF fingerprinting. This chapter evaluates the performance of the KNN and neural network classification for varying SNR. Performance analysis is performed for three scenarios that correspond to the situation, when either transmitter or receiver is mobile, and SNR changes from low to high or vice versa.

An Overview of Radio Frequency Fingerprinting for Low-End Devices

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Ur Rehman ◽  
Shafiq Alam ◽  
Iman T. Ardekani
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Wireless Devices ◽  
Digital To Analog Converters ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Wireless Transmitter ◽  
Rf Fingerprinting ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
Rf Fingerprints

RF fingerprinting is proposed as a means of providing an additional layer of security for wireless devices. A masquerading or impersonation attacks can be prevented by establishing the identity of wireless transmitter using unique transmitter RF fingerprint. Unique RF fingerprints are attributable to the analog components (digital-to-analog converters, band-pass filters, frequency mixers and power amplifiers) present in the RF front ends of transmitters. Most of the previous researches have reported promising results with an accuracy of up to 99% using high-end receivers (e.g. Giga-sampling rate oscilloscopes, spectrum and vector signal analysers) to validate the proposed techniques. However, practical implementation of RF fingerprinting would require validation with low-end (low-cost) devices that also suffers from impairments due to the presence of analog components in the front end of its receiver. This articles provides the analysis and implementation of RF fingerprinting using low-cost receivers and challenges associated with it.

Adaptive Kalman Filtering: A Simulation Result

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Sasiadek ◽  
P. J. Wojcik
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filtering ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Spectrum ◽  
On Line ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Unknown Signal

This paper presents the algorithm for on-line adaptive Kalman filtering of sensor signals with unknown signal to noise ratio. A first order spectrum of a pure signal and white Gaussian measurement noise have been assumed. The results of the performance tests of the algorithm as well as the design methodology of the adaptive filter are given.

Determination of the Best Emulsion for the Microscopy of Crystals

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
David A. Grano ◽  
Kenneth H. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Photographic Emulsion ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Frequency Space ◽  
Noise Ratio

The retrieval of high-resolution information from images of biological crystals depends, in part, on the use of the correct photographic emulsion. We have been investigating the information transfer properties of twelve emulsions with a view toward 1) characterizing the emulsions by a few, measurable quantities, and 2) identifying the “best” emulsion of those we have studied for use in any given experimental situation. Because our interests lie in the examination of crystalline specimens, we've chosen to evaluate an emulsion's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a function of spatial frequency and use this as our critereon for determining the best emulsion.The signal-to-noise ratio in frequency space depends on several factors. First, the signal depends on the speed of the emulsion and its modulation transfer function (MTF). By procedures outlined in, MTF's have been found for all the emulsions tested and can be fit by an analytic expression 1/(1+(S/S0)2). Figure 1 shows the experimental data and fitted curve for an emulsion with a better than average MTF. A single parameter, the spatial frequency at which the transfer falls to 50% (S0), characterizes this curve.

Experiments in Bright-Field Imaging with Hollow-Cone Illumination

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
W. Kunath ◽  
K. Weiss ◽  
E. Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Optic Axis ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Single Field ◽  
Field Imaging

Bright-field images taken with axial illumination show spurious high contrast patterns which obscure details smaller than 15 ° Hollow-cone illumination (HCI), however, reduces this disturbing granulation by statistical superposition and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio. In this presentation we report on experiments aimed at selecting the proper amount of tilt and defocus for improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio by means of direct observation of the electron images on a TV monitor.Hollow-cone illumination is implemented in our microscope (single field condenser objective, Cs = .5 mm) by an electronic system which rotates the tilted beam about the optic axis. At low rates of revolution (one turn per second or so) a circular motion of the usual granulation in the image of a carbon support film can be observed on the TV monitor. The size of the granular structures and the radius of their orbits depend on both the conical tilt and defocus.

Correlation averaging of two-dimensional crystals: basic strategy and refinements

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 136-139
Author(s):  
W. Baumeister ◽  
R. Rachel ◽  
R. Guckenberger ◽  
R. Hegerl
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Fourier Domain ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Lateral Displacements ◽  
Established Technique ◽  
Crystalline Array

IntroductionCorrelation averaging (CAV) is meanwhile an established technique in image processing of two-dimensional crystals /1,2/. The basic idea is to detect the real positions of unit cells in a crystalline array by means of correlation functions and to average them by real space superposition of the aligned motifs. The signal-to-noise ratio improves in proportion to the number of motifs included in the average. Unlike filtering in the Fourier domain, CAV corrects for lateral displacements of the unit cells; thus it avoids the loss of resolution entailed by these distortions in the conventional approach. Here we report on some variants of the method, aimed at retrieving a maximum of information from images with very low signal-to-noise ratios (low dose microscopy of unstained or lightly stained specimens) while keeping the procedure economical.

Information capacity and bandwidth limitations in the SEM

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
D. C. Joy ◽  
R. D. Bunn
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Critical Dimension ◽  
Information Capacity ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal Channel

The information available from an SEM image is limited both by the inherent signal to noise ratio that characterizes the image and as a result of the transformations that it may undergo as it is passed through the amplifying circuits of the instrument. In applications such as Critical Dimension Metrology it is necessary to be able to quantify these limitations in order to be able to assess the likely precision of any measurement made with the microscope.The information capacity of an SEM signal, defined as the minimum number of bits needed to encode the output signal, depends on the signal to noise ratio of the image - which in turn depends on the probe size and source brightness and acquisition time per pixel - and on the efficiency of the specimen in producing the signal that is being observed. A detailed analysis of the secondary electron case shows that the information capacity C (bits/pixel) of the SEM signal channel could be written as :

Speech Reception in the Presence of Classroom Noise

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Speech Reception ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Noise Ratio

Three hundred children from five to 12 years of age were required to discriminate simple, familiar, monosyllabic words under two conditions: 1) quiet, and 2) in the presence of background classroom noise. Of the sample, 45.3% made errors in speech discrimination in the presence of background classroom noise. The effect was most marked in children younger than seven years six months. The results are discussed considering the signal-to-noise ratio and the possible effects of unwanted classroom noise on learning processes.

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