Accounting Standards in the U.S. Banking Industry during the Financial Crisis

Author(s):  
Jorge A. Romero

The global financial crisis became evident when U.S. house prices fell related to the subprime mortgage-backed securities crisis. In the years preceding the financial crisis of 2008, there was a real estate bubble that pushed U.S. real estate prices to high levels, and at the same time financial institutions were holding large amounts of subprime mortgage-backed securities. Fair value accounting (FVA) and its link to the recent global financial crisis has been a focus of discussion and interest for accounting researchers, financial analyst and policy makers. During the financial crisis, a large percentage of assets in the balance sheets of banks were calculated using fair value. The main concern was that those assets were calculated using mark-to-model accounting (Goh, Ng, & Yong 2009). There are still contradictory conclusions on the implications of fair value accounting and the global financial crisis (Laux & Leuz, 2009). The main objective of this chapter is to provide a better understanding of the global financial crisis and of the mechanisms of fair value accounting.

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Eddison T. Walters

Based on the findings of the current study, policymakers must take a hard look at the media and themselves, because the world can no longer blame the subprime mortgage industry for causing the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The public must demand answers from the media and policymakers explaining how an economic crisis that could have been avoided resulted in the collapse of the global economy. The lack of evidence supporting the theory of a financial bubble and a real estate bubble called for further investigation of factors leading to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Evidence presented from data analysis in Walters (2018) suggested no financial bubble existed in developed or developing countries around the world, preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Based on data analysis in Walters (2018) the evidence also suggested, the lasting effect of economic policies in response to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 for both developed and developing countries around the world, had no significant impact on the financial sector but pointed to a lack of economic growth. The findings raised significant questions about the existence of a real estate bubble in both developed and developing countries. Evidence from data analysis presented in Walters and Djokic (2019) suggested the existence of a real estate bubble in the United States real estate market preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 was a false conclusion. Data analysis in Walters (2019) resulted in, 0.989 Adjusted R-square, 194.041 Mean Dependent Variable, 5.908 Square Error of Regression, 488.726 Sum-of- Square Residual, and 0.00000 Probability (F-statistic), for correlation between the independent variable representing advancement in technology, and the dependent variable representing home purchase price in the United States preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The findings in Walters (2019) concluded the rapid increase in home purchase price in the United States real estate market, was due to increased demand for homes from the adaptation of advancement in technology in the real estate and mortgage industries. The current study expanded the investigation of the growth in home purchase price to fifteen developed countries around the world, building on the findings of previous research by the current researcher. The researcher in the current study concluded, the existence of significant and near-perfect correlation in many cases, between the dependent variable representing growth in home purchase price, and the independent variable representing advancement in technology. The analysis was based on data analyzed from fifteen developed countries around the world, which was collected between 1990 and 2006. The data analysis included home purchase price data from, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Australia, Ireland, Belgium, Norway, Spain, and Portugal. Data preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 were analyzed in the current study. The researcher in the current study concluded the existence of overwhelming evidence suggesting advancement in technology was responsible for the rapid increase in home prices in developed countries around the world preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The result of data analysis in the current study provided further confirmation of the accuracy of former Federal Reserve Board Chairmen, Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke 2005 assessment which concluded, the occurrence of a real estate bubble developing was impossible due to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, before reversing course subsequent their assertion in 2005 (Belke & Wiedmann, 2005; Starr,2012). The result of the current study provided additional evidence supporting Eddison Walters Risk Expectation Theory of The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The result from data analysis also confirmed the need for the adaptation of Eddison Walters Modern Economic Analysis Theory. As a result of the findings in the current study, the researcher concluded the development of a real estate bubble is impossible where there exists real estate price transparency, as is the case in most developed and developing countries. The researcher presented Walters Real Estate Bubble Impossibility Price Transparency Theory based on the findings. False information of a real estate bubble and predictions of a real estate crash disseminated through the mainstream media and social media can be a destructive force with a disastrous effect on the economy around the world. The failure by the media to hold themselves and policymakers to a higher standard resulted in the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The result of the failure by the media was a worldwide economic crisis and the Great Recession that followed the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Lessons learned from the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 can assist in preventing another economic crisis in the future.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Eddison T. Walters

Data analysis in recent studies by the current researcher presented evidence suggesting the existence of a real estate bubble preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 was a false conclusion. Data analysis from Walters (2019) resulted in 194.041 Mean Dependent Variable, 0.989 Adjusted R-square, 5.908 Square Error of Regression, and 488.726 Sum-of-Square Residual, from nonlinear regression analysis with the independent variable of “advancement in technology”, which proved to be the most significant factor causing the dependent variable of “home purchase price” to increase preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Based on the findings of data analysis in Walters (2019), the researcher concluded the data confirmed the assertion agreed upon by Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke, it was impossible to have a real estate bubble, while citing the Efficient Market Hypothesis in 2005. Subsequent to 2005, alternative attempts to explain the existence of a real estate bubble were made by both former Chairmen of the Federal Reserve Board. Subprime lending and low interest rates were ruled out as the cause of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 in Walters (2019). As a result of the findings from Walters (2019), further investigation to gain an understanding of the impact of how the rapid adaption of advancement in technology influence on the rapid increase in home purchase price preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 is required. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the role the rapid adaption of advancement in technology played in the mortgage industry and real estate industry in the United States, and the influence on to the rapid increase in home purchase prices preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 as a result of the changes. Insight into the rapid transformation of the mortgage industry and the real estate industry in the United States, and the role the transformation played in the crisis is a critical factor to understanding the impact of advancement in technology on the real estate market in the United States preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Failure to consider the impact of rapid adaption of advancement in technology on the mortgage industry and real estate industry, and the transformation of the real estate market preceding the Global Financial Crisis 2007 and 2008, was a significant error which led to the false conclusion of the existence of a real estate bubble. An understanding of how the rapid transformation of the real estate market as a result of advancement in technology in the United States preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008, will provide the critical knowledge to evaluate mistakes leading to the false conclusion of a real estate bubble preceding the crisis. The information gained from the current study will help avoid a future financial crisis of the same magnitude.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanwool Jang ◽  
Yena Song ◽  
Sungbin Sohn ◽  
Kwangwon Ahn

This paper studies the contribution of real estate bubble to a financial crisis. First, we document symptoms of a real estate bubble along with a slowdown of the real economy and find indicators of an imminent crash of the stock market, triggering a sense of déjà vu from the 2008 crisis. However, we show that the relationship between real estate and financial markets has changed since the crisis. The empirical analyses provide evidence that the monetary policy has recovered its control over mortgage rates, which had been lost prior to the global financial crisis, and that the real estate market does not have a Granger causality relationship with the stock market any more. Findings suggest that an imminent financial market crash is not likely to be catalyzed by a real estate bubble.


2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Wong Ping Eng ◽  
Janice YM Lee ◽  
Muhammad Najib Mohamed Razali ◽  
Mat Naim Abdullah @ Mohd Asmoni ◽  
Izran Sarrazin Mohammad

Real estate divestitures and acquisitions (D&A) are conducted as part of corporate restructuring. This study aims to fill the knowledge gap on abnormal stock market returns (AR) toward D&A activities during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in a developing country. Malaysian listed non-real estate companies that conducted D&A during the GFC are used as sample. Event study is applied to determine AR surrounding D&A announcements within (-10day, +10day) event window. Results for both D&A announcements shows insignificant AR on and around announcement date (-1 to +1). For pre-announcement, divesting (acquiring) companies obtain negative (positive) AR, signifying that the market does not favor (favor) divestitures (acquisitions) due to leakage of information. The outcome of post-announcement proves that divesting companies continue to experience negative ARs, although most divesting companies were paid premium prices. However, acquiring companies experience significant and negative post-announcement AR. This is probably due to the price premium which most acquiring companies paid exceeding valuation for their acquisitions. In summary, the market disapproves divestitures in general and acquisitions of real estate assets exceeding their valuations during economic recessions.  


Author(s):  
Birutė Gudonytė ◽  
Kristina Rudžionienė

Literature suggests that the main goal of fair value evaluation is more reliable and relevant information disclosure to external users. However, in 2007, at the beginning of the global financial crisis, the benefits of fair value, as well as the opportunity to provide information about the true and fair view of a company, were called into question. Opponents of the fair value claim that the fair value was the main reason for the global financial crisis, but the advocates disagree; therefore, the correlation between the fair value and crisis is controversial. It reflects the problem of the thesis: how the system of fair value accounting influenced the financial crisis? Object of the paper: the method of true value measurement. Aim of the paper: to evaluate the measurement of fair value and its potential impact on the financial crisis in Lithuania. After analysing the evaluation of 25 Lithuanian listed companies by disclosure of fair value, it can be state that stock companies evaluate more property than liabilities by disclose the fair value. A correlation coefficient was determined while assessing the correlation between the application of fair value in financial reports and financial crisis in Lithuania, but it disapproved the correlation.


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