Defence

2017 ◽  
pp. 52-77
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Self Defence

The standard justification of weapons design was introduced in Chapter 1. Here, defence as a justification of weapons design is considered in terms of the notion of a defensive weapon, the idea being that the design of defensive weapons needs no (further) justification because (self-)defence is always morally permissible. The position is criticised. This entails a discussion of the idea of defence, of levels of defence, of defence and aggression, and of the idea that there can be weapons that cannot aid aggression. It is established that no weapons fall into the latter category and, hence, that justification of weapons design in terms of defence must make reference to the actual historical context in which its products are employed. The author calls this an historical justification.

St Gregory of Nyssa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Anthony McGuckin
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Family Members ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Gregory Of Nyssa ◽  
Christian Leaders ◽  
Close Family

Chapter 1 gives Biographical background and studies the historical context(s) of Gregory of Nyssa and his close family members, situating them as aristocratic and long-established Christian leaders of the Cappadocian area. It offers along with the course of Gregory’s Vita a general outline of the main philosophical and religious controversies of his era, particularly his ecclesiastical involvement in the Neo-Nicene apologetical movement associated with the leadership of his brother Basil (of Caesarea), which he himself inherited in Cappadocia, with imperial approval, after 380. It concludes with a review of Gregory’s significance as author: in terms of his style as a writer, his work as an exegete, his body of spiritual teaching, and lastly, the manner in which his reputation waxed and waned from antiquity to the present.

The Policing Board

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-130
Author(s):  
Richard Martin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
Statutory Duty

The Policing Board sits at the heart of the intersection between human rights law and politics. As a corporate body, the Policing Board has a statutory duty to monitor police compliance with the HRA. This chapter argues that regardless of the Policing Board’s statutory duty to monitor policing based on the standards of the HRA, for the political members on the Policing Board, human rights are a vessel harbouring deep sentiments and concerns at the heart of which are competing histories of the conflict, legacies of policing and understandings of Northern Ireland’s imperfect peace. These narratives swirl around, and at times directly contradict, the official police voice, further demonstrating the elasticity of human rights to stretch to fit the visions of different actors. The examination of alternative official narratives by political parties in Northern Ireland is developed across three sections, inspired by the dimensions of the ‘political life’ of human rights set out in Chapter 1. These three dimensions are: the role historical context plays in structuring the ambit and style of human rights contestation involving social actors; human rights as an articulation of a much wider array of interests, fears and aspirations that find expression through rights narratives; and how human rights can be used by groups to actively construct claims with the hope of achieving legal gains in specific fields

Introduction

2016 ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Psychological Testing ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Special Populations ◽  
Educational Testing ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World

Chapter 1 introduces the Handbook by reviewing the historical and contextual factors surrounding the development of international psychological and educational testing. This Handbook provides such a review in six sections, covering (a) overview and historical context, (b) domains of testing and assessment, (c) settings, (d) special populations, (e) methodological advances, and (f) problems and challenges. Within each of these sections, the chapters address the unique problems, issues, and challenges related to testing from an international and global perspective. Recognizing the importance of cultural and international contexts to a true and accurate psychology, the authors have described how cultural, economic, political, and social factors in different countries frame the science and practice of testing and assessment. As this is an international Handbook, the contributors have also been selected to represent not only different domains and settings of psychological testing, but also different geographical regions of the world.

France

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios Psygkas
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Institutional Practice ◽  
Administrative Model ◽  
Participatory Model ◽  
The Eu

This chapter presents the first country case. The French example is illuminating because the EU procedural mandates were transposed into a policymaking environment traditionally described as “statist” and suspicious toward interest groups. This pattern has its origins in the French Revolution and the “republican” perception of the state which would squarely oppose the deliberative-participatory model of chapter 1. Chapter 3 examines how the EU push for new mechanisms of public accountability has translated into institutional practice in the electronic communications sector. It situates these developments in the historical context of the evolution of the French administrative model and state-society relations. It also discusses whether these new processes may gradually give rise to a different perception of the administrative state, one that will be more open to participatory influences in all sectors of administrative policymaking.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Guisinger
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Industrial Economy ◽  
Trade Preferences ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
American Economy ◽  
American Trade ◽  
Do So

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book and its two interwoven puzzles: what are the predictors of Americans’ trade preferences in today’s post-industrial economy, and why do so few politicians attempt to take advantage of these preferences? After providing historical context for American trade policy, the chapter outlines an answer: that the changing American economy has untethered traditional sources of trade sentiment, resulting in diverse, countervailing, and difficult to mobilize sources of trade sentiment. As a result, in most political districts, discussion of trade has fallen by the wayside; and trade policy is increasingly being formulated and conducted outside of standard systems of voter-driven accountability. The chapter places this new argument in the context of existing literature on the domestic and international politics of trade policy and provides a chapter by chapter summary of the book.

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