Introduction

2016 ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Psychological Testing ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Special Populations ◽  
Educational Testing ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World

Chapter 1 introduces the Handbook by reviewing the historical and contextual factors surrounding the development of international psychological and educational testing. This Handbook provides such a review in six sections, covering (a) overview and historical context, (b) domains of testing and assessment, (c) settings, (d) special populations, (e) methodological advances, and (f) problems and challenges. Within each of these sections, the chapters address the unique problems, issues, and challenges related to testing from an international and global perspective. Recognizing the importance of cultural and international contexts to a true and accurate psychology, the authors have described how cultural, economic, political, and social factors in different countries frame the science and practice of testing and assessment. As this is an international Handbook, the contributors have also been selected to represent not only different domains and settings of psychological testing, but also different geographical regions of the world.

scholarly journals Evaluation of child imagination in European cultural-historical context

Sociologija ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavica Maksic ◽  
Zoran Pavlovic
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Heritage

Encouraging child imagination is a desirable for developing creativity in youth and adulthood, and creativity is viewed as one of the solutions to the problems the contemporary word is facing. The aim of this paper is to examine the linkage between macro-social factors and evaluation of imagination as a characteristic that should be encouraged in children. For analysis we used data on European countries encompassed by the World Values Study (1999-2004). The results indicate that wealthier and more developed countries and the citizens who are more postmaterialist oriented value imagination more. However, once cultural-historical heritage of the country is included into the analysis, evaluation of imagination changes, thus confirming the importance of living in the communist regime and, on the other hand, the influence of socialization patterns defined by the dominant religion (Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism or Islam). The concluding part discusses the implications of these results for supporting creativity in young people and contributing to the development of contemporary society which requires reliance on individual abilities and responsibilities in order to progress.

scholarly journals Preliminary review of abstracts on a handbook on the future of work and entrepreneurship for the underserved

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
JoAnn Rolle ◽  
◽  
Jacqueline Kisato ◽  
Charles Kebaya ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Perspective ◽  
Preliminary Review ◽  
Underserved Communities ◽  
Small Business Development ◽  
Future Of Work ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa

Scholars have declared that underserved communities will face the greatest marginalization due to disruptions in the 21st century. In our previous research engagements, we developed papers and presentations on 'The Future of Work and Entrepreneurship for the Underserved' and we shared data and our concerns for global income disparities and the need for a global perspective in this discourse. Purpose of Research- In this paper, we present a global snapshot regarding the future of work and entrepreneurship for the underserved and various perspectives from different authors on what these new changes predict for the underserved in the world. Design/ Methodology: After reviewing literature and determining key themes imperative to this topic, we put up a call for chapters that attracted diverse authors in academia and industry across the world representing different geographical regions including the USA, South America, Asia, and Africa. The abstracts were peer-reviewed and analyzed to identify commonalities and key areas of focus among the underserved communities worldwide. Results/Findings: The submitted abstracts found aligned with themes in education, technology and innovation, small business development, and diverse labor markets to the future of work and entrepreneurship for the underserved. They also explored other areas such as increasing utilization of labor in the unscaled economy through creativity and the use of emerging innovations and technologies. Additionally, the COVID 19 pandemic phenomenon was highlighted as a challenge that has exacerbated the need to address the future of work and entrepreneurship post-COVID. Practical Implications and Conclusions: We propose that unity in community and capacity building is vital to create shared prosperity. In this paper, we will share a summary of the chapters which will be included in the forthcoming handbook and perspectives on what the future of work and entrepreneurship will evolve into the new normal. We hope that this analysis will create further dialogue in academia, industry, and policy on how to ensure that the underserved are included in the future of work and entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals Transition to Latin Alphabet (20s of the Twentieth Century) Modern Reality Is a Result of Historical Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Kazimi Parviz Firudın Oqlu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Irreversible Process ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the 1920s, a number of processes began to take place in the new structure that arose in the collapsed geography of the Russian Empire. One of these processes was the transition of peoples to the "Latin" alphabet, which is also called "Latinization" in the world scientific literature. One of the least covered problems of the processes that took place in different geographical regions after the collapse of empires is the problem of "Latinization". Thus, "Latinization", which played an important role in world cultural history, is still interpreted by various sources and researchers without understanding the essence of the problem, and reflects an important historical event in political and national interests.The entry of the modern world into the global information space with the help of the Latin alphabet has revived the attitude of people to the Latin alphabet. A number of countries are being taught two alphabets in order to preserve the national alphabet, and in some countries they are working to transform the national alphabet. Of course, rational thinking sees and accepts the irreversible process of transition to a single global alphabet. While this trend stems from the need for technology in the 21st century, it was high on the agenda in the 1920s for ideological reasons. Experts have the mass transition of people to the "Latin alphabet" that took place in the 20s of the last century as a process of Latinization. Researchers cannot give an unambiguous answer, what was the transition of the Turkic peoples to a single alphabet? Was this an appeal of the Muslim peoples to a single alphabet? Or was it the USSR's search for a single means of communication for the world "proletariat"?The article will attempt to explain the historical context of the Latinization process, the role of the Azerbaijani factor in this process and the essence of various tasks.

Rekindling the Flame: Zoroastrianism in Iraqi Kurdistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-188
Author(s):  
Samme Dick
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Organisational Structure ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Legislative Change ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
The World ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
New Religion

This article examines the emergence of Zoroastrianism in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq since 2015 as a new religion inspired by Kurdish nationalism, feminism, ecologism and humanism. The author argues that the emergence of Zoroastrianism at this particular time is due to a combination of the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant in 2014, legislative change and the importance some Kurdish nationalists historically attached to Zoroastrianism as the suggested original religion of the Kurds. The article outlines the historical context of Zoroastrianism in Kurdistan, and then explores the origins, beliefs and organisational structure of Kurdish Zoroastrianism. Also discussed are the legislative changes enabling the rise of the movement since 2015. This study draws on interviews with Kurdish Zoroastrian leaders as well as with representatives from the World Zoroastrian Organization, the Kurdistan Regional Government’s Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs and the Alliance of Iraqi Minorities.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIJi nû ve pêxistina agir: Baweriya Zerduştî li Kurdistana IraqêEv gotar, li ser peydabûna Zerduştiyê li Herêma Kurdistanê ya Iraqê hûr dibe, ku ji 2015an vir ve wek dînekî nû yê ji netewegeriya kurd, femînîzm, ekolojîzm û humanîzmê îlham wergirtî tê dîtin. Nivîskar îddia dike ku peydabûna Zerduştiyê ya bi taybetî wê demê ji ber hejmareke sedeman e: di 2014an de peydabûn û xurtbûna Dewleta Îslamî li Iraqê û Levantê, guherîna qanûnî û girîngiya nêrîna hin netewegerên kurd ku ji aliyê dîrokî Zerduştiyê wek dînê resen ê kurdan dibînin. Gotar, çarçoveya dîrokî ya Zerduştiyê li Kurdistanê bi kurtî rave dike û paşê li kok, bawerî û avahiya rêxistinî ya Zerduştiya kurdî dikole. Ji hêleke din, nîqaş dike ku guherînên hiqûqî ji 2015an vir ve rê li ber xurtbûna tevgerê vekiriye. Ev xebat xwe dispêre hevpeyvînên bi rêberên Zerduştiyên kurd re ligel hin şandeyên ji Rêxistina Zerduştiyan a Cîhanê, Wezareta Bexş û Karên Dînî ya Hikumeta Herêma Kurdistanê û Hevpeymaniya Kêmîneyên Iraqê.ABSTRACT IN SORANIGeşandinewey agireke: Zerdeştêtî le Kurdistanî ÊraqdaEm babete timaşay rewşî  wediyarkewtinî Zerdeştêtî dekat le Kurdistanî Êraqda, le sall 2010da wek ayînêkî nwê debînrêt ke le netewegerîy kurdî, fêmênîzm, jîngeparêzî û mirovparêzî îlham werdegirêt. Nûser bangeşey ewe dekat ke derkewtinî Zerdeştêtî lem kateda ke Dewlletî Îslamî Da'îş le Şam û Êraq le 2013 ser helldeda û be yasa rêgey pê dedirêt, şitêkî giringe  bo gerranewey kurd bo  ayînî neteweyî xoy wek ewey ke hendêk kurdî neteweperist  basî deken.  Babeteke rîşey mêjûyî Zerdeştêtî le Kurdistan nîşan dedat, herwaş rîşey  bawerr û binaẍey damezrawey Zerdeştêtî dedate ber roşnayî. Dîsan guftugoy gorranî yasa lew bareyewe bote hoyî derkewtinî em ayîne le 2015da. Em babete legell serok û bawerrdaranî Zerdeştîy le Kurdistan û damezrawey Zerdeştîyanî cîhanî û legell wezaretî karubarî ayînî le ḧukumetî herêmî Kurdistan û damezrawey kemînekanî Êraqda çawpêkewtinî encam dawe.ABSTRACT IN ZAZAKINewe ra geşkerdişê adirî: Kurdîstanê Îraqî de zerduştîyeNa meqale qayîtê zerduştîye kena ke sey bawerîya newîye serra 2015î ra nat Herêmê Kurdîstanî yê Îraqî de vejîyaye û hetê neteweperwerîya kurdan, femînîzm, dorûverperwerîye û merdimperwerîye ra îlham girewt. Nuştox musneno ke vejîyayîşê zerduştî yê ê demî çend sebeban ra qewimîya: hêzdarbîyayîşê DAÎŞ yê serra 2014î, vurîyayîşê qanûnî û tayê neteweperwerê kurdan ê ke tarîx de giranî daye zerduştîye ser ke aye sey dînê kurdan o eslî pêşnîyaz bikerê. Na meqale xulasaya kontekstê tarîxî yê zerduştîya Kurdîstanî dana û dima esl, bawerî û awanîya rêxistinan yê zerduştîya kurdan ser o cigêrayîş kena. Ser o kî vurîyayîşê qanûnî munaqeşe benê. Nê vurîyayîşî serra 2015î ra nat vejîyayîşê tevger kerd mumkîn. No cigêrayîş roportajanê bi serekanê kurdan ê zerduştîye û bi temsîlkaranê Rêxistina Zerduştîyan a Dinya, Wezaretê Ewqaf û Kar û Barê Dînî yê hukmatê Herêmê Kurdîstanî û Yewîya Eqalîyetanê Îraqî esas gêno

Virginia Woolf and Being-in-the-world

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Simone
Keyword(s):  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cartesian Dualism ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Binary Oppositions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Existential Perspective

Virginia Woolf and Being-in-the-world: A Heideggerian Study explores Woolf’s treatment of the relationship between self and world from a phenomenological-existential perspective. This study presents a timely and compelling interpretation of Virginia Woolf’s textual treatment of the relationship between self and world from the perspective of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Drawing on Woolf’s novels, essays, reviews, letters, diary entries, short stories, and memoirs, the book explores the political and the ontological, as the individual’s connection to the world comes to be defined by an involvement and engagement that is always already situated within a particular physical, societal, and historical context. Emma Simone argues that at the heart of what it means to be an individual making his or her way in the world, the perspectives of Woolf and Heidegger are founded upon certain shared concerns, including the sustained critique of Cartesian dualism, particularly the resultant binary oppositions of subject and object, and self and Other; the understanding that the individual is a temporal being; an emphasis upon intersubjective relations insofar as Being-in-the-world is defined by Being-with-Others; and a consistent emphasis upon average everydayness as both determinative and representative of the individual’s relationship to and with the world.

The 1970s

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Borstelmann
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Retirement Plans ◽  
Free Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
American Society

This book looks at an iconic decade when the cultural left and economic right came to the fore in American society and the world at large. While many have seen the 1970s as simply a period of failures epitomized by Watergate, inflation, the oil crisis, global unrest, and disillusionment with military efforts in Vietnam, this book creates a new framework for understanding the period and its legacy. It demonstrates how the 1970s increased social inclusiveness and, at the same time, encouraged commitments to the free market and wariness of government. As a result, American culture and much of the rest of the world became more—and less—equal. This book explores how the 1970s forged the contours of contemporary America. Military, political, and economic crises undercut citizens' confidence in government. Free market enthusiasm led to lower taxes, a volunteer army, individual 401(k) retirement plans, free agency in sports, deregulated airlines, and expansions in gambling and pornography. At the same time, the movement for civil rights grew, promoting changes for women, gays, immigrants, and the disabled. And developments were not limited to the United States. Many countries gave up colonial and racial hierarchies to develop a new formal commitment to human rights, while economic deregulation spread to other parts of the world, from Chile and the United Kingdom to China. Placing a tempestuous political culture within a global perspective, this book shows that the decade wrought irrevocable transformations upon American society and the broader world that continue to resonate today.

Historical Foundations, Strategic Visions, and World Order

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Bolt ◽  
Sharyl N. Cross
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
International Order ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 1 explores perspectives on world order, including power relationships and the rules that shape state behavior and perceptions of legitimacy. After outlining a brief history of the relationship between Russia and China that ranged from cooperation to military clashes, the chapter details Chinese and Russian perspectives on the contemporary international order as shaped by their histories and current political situation. Chinese and Russian views largely coincide on security issues, the desirability of a more multipolar order, and institutions that would enhance their standing in the world. While the Chinese–Russian partnership has accelerated considerably, particularly since the crisis in Ukraine in 2014, there are still some areas of competition that limit the extent of the relationship.

St Gregory of Nyssa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Anthony McGuckin
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Family Members ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Gregory Of Nyssa ◽  
Christian Leaders ◽  
Close Family

Chapter 1 gives Biographical background and studies the historical context(s) of Gregory of Nyssa and his close family members, situating them as aristocratic and long-established Christian leaders of the Cappadocian area. It offers along with the course of Gregory’s Vita a general outline of the main philosophical and religious controversies of his era, particularly his ecclesiastical involvement in the Neo-Nicene apologetical movement associated with the leadership of his brother Basil (of Caesarea), which he himself inherited in Cappadocia, with imperial approval, after 380. It concludes with a review of Gregory’s significance as author: in terms of his style as a writer, his work as an exegete, his body of spiritual teaching, and lastly, the manner in which his reputation waxed and waned from antiquity to the present.

scholarly journals Paracoccidioidomycosis Diagnosed in Europe—A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Gernot Wagner ◽  
Deddo Moertl ◽  
Anna Glechner ◽  
Verena Mayr ◽  
Irma Klerings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latency Period ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Systemic Mycosis ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
Full Text Screening

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis that is endemic in geographical regions of Central and South America. Cases that occur in nonendemic regions of the world are imported through migration and travel. Due to the limited number of cases in Europe, most physicians are not familiar with paracoccidioidomycosis and its close clinical and histopathological resemblance to other infectious and noninfectious disease. To increase awareness of this insidious mycosis, we conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence on cases diagnosed and reported in Europe. We searched PubMed and Embase to identify cases of paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosed in European countries. In addition, we used Scopus for citation tracking and manually screened bibliographies of relevant articles. We conducted dual abstract and full-text screening of references yielded by our searches. To identify publications published prior to 1985, we used the previously published review by Ajello et al. Overall, we identified 83 cases of paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosed in 11 European countries, published in 68 articles. Age of patients ranged from 24 to 77 years; the majority were male. Time from leaving the endemic region and first occurrence of symptoms considerably varied. Our review illustrates the challenges of considering systemic mycosis in the differential diagnosis of people returning or immigrating to Europe from endemic areas. Travel history is important for diagnostic-workup, though it might be difficult to obtain due to possible long latency period of the disease.

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