Ethical Dimensions of NBIC-Convergence

Author(s):  
Elena Grebenshchikova

One of the key trends in the development of technoscience is associated with the NBIC-convergence projects, which create not only unprecedented means for transformation of society and human but also raise the risks that require integrated approaches to ethical assessment and examination. Today, the foundations of the “NBIC-tetrahedron” have ethical projections in the form of nanoethics, bioethics, ICT-ethics, and neuroethics. However, their ability to discuss and resolve complex problems is limited. Technoethics can be considered a relevant way of combining different approaches to the ethical issues of converging technologies and science to discuss and solve not only actual situations but prospects as well.

Author(s):  
Elena Grebenshchikova

One of the key trends in the development of technoscience is associated with the NBIC-convergence projects, which create not only unprecedented means for transformation of society and human but also raise the risks that require integrated approaches to ethical assessment and examination. Today, the foundations of the “NBIC-tetrahedron” have ethical projections in the form of nanoethics, bioethics, ICT-ethics, and neuroethics. However, their ability to discuss and resolve complex problems is limited. Technoethics can be considered a relevant way of combining different approaches to the ethical issues of converging technologies and science to discuss and solve not only actual situations but prospects as well.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Jin Liu ◽  
Robert Johnson ◽  
Xumei Fan ◽  
Ruiqin Gao

Assessment book authors’ perspectives on ethical assessment practices are not necessarily consistent with those of educators. This study’s purpose was to explore similarities and differences between the two perspectives. Researchers presented scenarios of classroom assessment practices to gain insights into educators’ perspectives on ethical issues. Fourteen scenarios that were common across three empirical research articles were selected. Educators had similar opinions on a scenario if 70% or more respondents selected “ethical” or “unethical” on one item. Twenty-five assessment-related books were reviewed to present the authors’ views on the ethicality of classroom assessment practices. The results showed that assessment book authors and educators held similar views on five of the 14 scenarios. Findings might inform the professional development of in-service teachers and the training of pre-service teachers. The results can inform assessment book authors in the future development to address ethics issues in assessment and practitioners in educational technology to consider ethical issues in the process of designing assessment tasks.


2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 2259-2277
Author(s):  
Diego José Garcia-Capilla ◽  
Alfonso Rubio-Navarro ◽  
Maria José Torralba-Madrid ◽  
Jane Rutty

Introduction: Clinical policies control several aspects of clinical practice, including individual treatment and care, resource management and healthcare professionals’ etiquette. This article presents Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool, an ethical assessment tool for clinical policies that could be used not only by clinical ethics committees but also by policy committees or other relevant groups. Aim: The aim of this study was to find or create a tool to identify ethical issues and/or confirm ethical validity in nursing practice policies, protocols and guidelines. Methodology: The development of Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool involved first a literature review, followed by modification of the Research Protocol Ethics Assessment Tool, which was created to identify research protocols’ ethical issues, and finally, a trial of Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool to ensure its reliability and validity. Ethical consideration: The policies analysed trialling Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool were in the public domain and did not contain any confidential information. Despite that, Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool also had the approval of a research ethics committee. Results: Research Protocol Ethics Assessment Tool was chosen as the template for a Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool, to which several modifications were added to adapt it to work within a nursing practice context. Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool was tested twice, which resulted in a general test–retest reliability coefficient = 0.86, r = 0.84, α1 = 0.817, α2 = 0.824 and interclass correlation coefficient = 0.874. Discussion: Contemporary nursing practice in a developed country is often ruled by clinical policies. The use of Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool could confirm the ethical validity of those clinical practice policies, impacting on nurses’ education, values and quality of care. Conclusion: Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool has the potential to detect ethical issues and facilitate the correction and improvement of clinical policies and guidelines in a structured way. This is especially so as it has shown reliability in detecting issues in clinical policies involving human participants and in encouraging policymakers to consider common ethical dilemmas in nursing practice.


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Liya Wassie ◽  
Senkenesh Gebre-Mariam ◽  
Geremew Tarekegne ◽  
Stuart Rennie

Background: Africa is increasingly becoming an important region for health research, mainly due to its heavy burden of disease, socioeconomic challenges, and inadequate health facilities. Regulatory capacities, in terms of ethical review processes, are also generally weak. The ethical assessment of social and behavioral research is relatively neglected compared to the review of biomedical and clinical studies, which led us to develop an ethics review assessment tool for use in the review of social and behavioral research in Ethiopia, which could potentially be of value in low- and middle-income settings. Methods: Initially, we did a comprehensive literature review on principles, guidelines, and practices of research ethics, on social and behavioral studies, from which we extracted query terms to explore the opinions of selected key informants and focus groups in Ethiopia. The discussants and informants were selected using a convenience sampling method to evaluate an ethics review template, which integrated issues that commonly arise in social and behavioral studies. Finally, we directly solicited opinions from the discussants about the desirability, feasibility, acceptability, and relevance of the ethics review assessment tool and used the resulting data to refine our initial draft. Results and conclusion: Although the same basic ethics principles govern all research studies, social and behavioral research have some disciplinary particularities that may require reviewers to exercise a different orientation of ethical attention in some cases. Using a qualitative approach, we developed a review assessment tool that could potentially be useful to raise awareness, focus attention, and strengthen the review of social and behavioral studies by ethics review committees, particularly in settings without a long-standing tradition of reviewing such research. This process also exposed some areas where further capacity building and discussion of ethical issues may be necessary among stakeholders in the review of social and behavioral research.


2020 ◽  
pp. 147775092094668
Author(s):  
Alfonso Rubio-Navarro ◽  
Diego Jose Garcia-Capilla ◽  
Maria Jose Torralba-Madrid ◽  
Jane Rutty

Contemporary healthcare practice has been progressively more regulated to increase efficiency, service user safety and practice quality. However, ethical issues in clinical practice that have not been implemented into regulations are undervalued by policymakers and healthcare institutions Considering the issues found by other authors, the use of a simple tool for policymakers to consider recurrent ethical issues could reduce those issues in a policy-driven clinical practice. The lack of tools to support structured ethical assessment of clinical policies was the main reason to create the Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool, but we realised of its possible advantages: limiting ethical dilemmas posed by policies, ensuring ethical practice by the use of policies and developing a consistent process for policymakers, institutions and healthcare professionals. Nonetheless, even if a tool can be implemented and it supports the creation of policies that reduce ethical issues, if the healthcare professionals are not aware of them they will not be implemented and the issues will continue.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Barbara de Mori ◽  
Maria Michela Spiriti ◽  
Ilaria Pollastri ◽  
Simona Normando ◽  
Pierfrancesco Biasetti ◽  
...  

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) can make a difference in biodiversity conservation. Their application, however, can create risks and raise ethical issues that need addressing. Unfortunately, there is a lack of attention to the topic in the scientific literature and, to our knowledge, there is no tool for the ethical assessment of ARTs in the context of conservation that has been described. This paper reports the first applications of the Ethical Assessment Tool (ETHAS) to trans-rectal ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures used in a northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) conservation project. The ETHAS consists of two checklists, the Ethical Evaluation Sheet and the Ethical Risk Assessment, and is specifically customized for each ART procedure. It provides an integrated, multilevel and standardized self-assessment of the procedure under scrutiny, generating an ethical acceptability ranking (totally, partially, not acceptable) and a risk rank (low, medium, high), and, hence, allows for implementing measures to address or manage issues beforehand. The application of the ETHAS to the procedures performed on the northern white rhinoceros was effective in ensuring a high standard of procedures, contributing to the acceptability and improved communication among the project’s partners. In turn, the tool itself was also refined through an iterative consultation process between experts and stakeholders.


2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
Bjørn Hofmann

INTRODUCTION:Human enhancement technologies need assessments, but they differ from other health technologies. Therefore we may need other methods for their assessment, also with regard to addressing its ethical issues. The objective of this paper is to describe the elaboration of a method for exposing and elucidating ethical issues with human cognitive enhancement. The approach is elaborated in order to support and facilitate open and transparent deliberation and decision making with an emerging type of technology with great potential and formative implications for individuals and society.METHODS:The literature search identified relevant approaches. Conventional content analysis of the identified papers and methods revealed their suitability for assessing human cognitive enhancement. Four selection criteria were applied and followed by method development. Pilot testing on smart-glasses (1) resulted in amendments.RESULTS:A method for exposing and elucidating ethical issues in the assessment of human cognitive enhancement technologies was developed based on three existing approaches in Health Technology Assessment (HTA) (2). The method consists of six steps and a guiding list of forty-three questions. An overview of the approach will be presented.CONCLUSIONS:A method for exposing and elucidating ethical issues in the assessment of human cognitive enhancement has been developed. The method paves the way for context specific ethical assessment and analysis of a new and emerging type of technology.


1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celine Marsden

AbstractAny evaluation of intensive care must include an ethical assessment of that technology. This allows us to consider the use of technologyin light of the ends that we desire. The most pressing ethical issues in intensive care are: forgoing life-sustaining treatment, dehumanization of patients and staff within the technological environment, and the allocation of the technology that is integral to intensive care.


2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Cerruti

Le diagnosi prenatali sono in grado oggi di individuare numerose patologie che, se curate durante la gravidanza, comportano la guarigione o minori danni per il feto. Queste terapie richiedono però, prima della loro esecuzione, una valutazione etica. La prima parte presenta le varie fasi in cui è possibile intervenire (durante la gravidanza o dopo il parto). Ci sono anche patologie per le quali non esistono cure e che possono portare all’aborto eugenetico, contrario alla dignità dell’essere umano ed emblematico della cultura dello scarto. In questo percorso è fondamentale il counselling. La parte successiva analizza le possibilità terapeutiche. Innanzitutto è opportuno attuare con la coppia una terapia educazionale per comprendere il problema nel suo complesso e consentire una scelta consapevole. Quindi vengono presentate le tecniche d’intervento (medica, trasfusionale, chirurgica, genica). Per le situazioni più drammatiche si indica l’importanza di una terapia dell’accoglienza, anche attraverso le cure palliative e l’esperienza degli hospice perinatali. La terza parte focalizza i criteri di accesso alle terapie fetali in una prospettiva etica. Anzitutto la considerazione del feto come paziente, da trattare con un approccio individualizzato e proporzionato. Si considera inoltre la necessità di un consenso pienamente informato dei genitori, anche per gli interventi di natura sperimentale, e la valutazione delle ulteriori conseguenze della terapia fetale a medio e lungo termine. Quindi viene motivato il rifiuto dell’accanimento terapeutico che può comportare la rinuncia all’ intervento. Una riflessione finale riguarda l’elevato costo dell’intero processo in un’ottica di equità e sostenibilità delle cure. In conclusione, la considerazione del feto come soggetto di cui ci si prende cura e un approccio adeguato al processo diagnosi-prognosi-terapia, consentono di qualificare gli interventi di terapia fetale eticamente corretti per il bene del bambino.----------Through prenatal diagnosis it is nowadays possible to identify several pathologies which, if treated during pregnancy, can result in complete healing or in lesser damages to the fetus. These therapies, however, require an ethical assessment prior to their execution. Part one introduces the various stages in which a clinical intervention is possible (during pregnancy or after delivery). There are a number of pathologies for which no therapy is available and which may lead to eugenic abortion. This is against the dignity of the human being and it is emblematic of a “culture of waste”. In such circumstance, counselling is fundamental. The following section analyzes therapeutic opportunities. First of all, it is appropriate to involve the couple in an “educational therapy” in order to have them understand the problem as a whole and foster an informed choice. Subsequently, intervention techniques are presented (treatment, transfusion, surgery, genetics). For particularly unfortunate situations, the importance of a “welcome therapy”, of the perinatal hospice and palliative care is highlighted. The subsequent section focuses on access criteria to fetal therapies from an ethical perspective. First, the fetus is regarded as a patient to be treated with a personalized and proportionate approach. In addition, the need of an informed consent by parents is highlighted, also for experimental operations, and this leads to the assessment of further consequences that fetal therapy may have in the short-medium term. Also, the refusal of therapeutic persistence is analyzed, which may lead to renouncing treatment. A last consideration concerns the high cost of the whole procedure in terms of equity and sustainability of therapies. Finally, by regarding the fetus as a subject to take care of and fostering an adequate approach to the diagnosis-prognosis- therapy process, fetal therapies may be defined as ethically correct for the welfare well being of the child.


Author(s):  
Georges-Auguste Legault ◽  
Hubert Gagnon ◽  
Monelle Parent ◽  
Christian A. Bellemare ◽  
Jean-Pierre Béland ◽  
...  

Abstract Objective To describe the type and level of ethical integration in published health technology assessment (HTA) reports and systematically identify the ethical approaches utilized. Methods A literature search was conducted with the Google™ search engine using the keyword “ethic” between 1 January 2015 and 20 August 2019. Only HTA assessment reports with a section on ethics were retained and classified according to their level of ethical integration: no ethical analysis, ethical issues highlighted, assessments according to legal or social norms, and assessments from a moral or axiological perspective—using a qualitative methodology to distinguish such integration. Results This review yielded 188 reports with a section identified as being on ethics, produced by seventeen HTA agencies in eleven countries. One hundred and thirty-six reports did not develop an ethical analysis, thirty-one highlighted ethical issues, seventeen conducted a norm-based ethical assessment using a descriptive approach grounded in social norms, and four developed an assessment grounded in a moral or axiological perspective. The bioethical “four-principles” framework was used, but mainly for presenting ethical issues and not as a moral framework. Conclusions The majority of reports featuring a section on ethics mention ethical considerations without ethical analysis. Ethical issues are grouped with legal, social, and organizational issues and treated as contextual considerations that decision makers should be aware of. When reports present systematic norm-based ethical assessments from a descriptive perspective or ethical assessment based on a moral or axiological perspective, there is a tendency to ground these analyses in frameworks created for the purpose and reliant on a concept of ethics supporting them.


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