Reverse Internationalization?

2019 ◽  
pp. 32-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith John Lay
Keyword(s):  
Open System ◽  
Current System ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
University Rankings ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
International Faculty ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
System A ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

This chapter first describes UK HE from a systems theory perspective through reflection on the history of UK HE and the current system in relation to the criteria that are used to assess and audit universities. The current position of UK HE within the larger global HE system is then considered through analysis of the latest university rankings lists. Having identified the key elements of the current UK HE system and highlighted the centrality of international academic staff within that system, the rhetoric in the academic and political discourse and the printed media is then focused upon in order to highlight the potential impact of Brexit on how UK HE performs as an open system. A best case/worst case scenario narrative follows, resulting in the recommendation of fast action from the UK government to safeguard the retention and hiring of international faculty, a key element in the enviable current open system that is UK HE.

scholarly journals A place in the sun? Healthcare rights of retired UK citizens in Spain post-Brexit

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin Cayon-De Las Cuevas ◽  
Tamara Hervey
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Planning ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Gear Up ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Spanish Law ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Care Costs ◽  
Spanish Legislation

AbstractAt least 100,000 retired UK citizens currently live in Spain. Under EU law, they are entitled to access the Spanish National Health Service (NHS) with minimum administrative difficulty. What will their legal position be under a ‘no-deal Brexit’? This is a question of Spanish law. The worst case scenario is that they will have to reapply for their residence permits under the Spanish legislation applicable to non-EU/European Economic Area citizens, with all the administrative inconvenience and cost entailed. If they successfully reapply, their personal health care costs will be considerably higher than at present, should they choose to remain in Spain. Very obvious questions of capacity planning arise. The Spanish system will potentially need to gear up for a significant administrative effort. Given the distinct possibility of a ‘no-deal Brexit’, the UK NHS should prepare to welcome significant numbers of pensioners home.

Lithological controls on soil formation rates and the implications for soil sustainability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Evans ◽  
John Quinton ◽  
Andrew Tye ◽  
Angel Rodes ◽  
Jessica Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Radionuclide Analysis ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Soil Sustainability ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cosmogenic Radionuclide

<p>Soils deliver multiple ecosystem services and their long-term sustainability is fundamentally determined by the rates at which they form and erode. Our knowledge and understanding of soil formation is not commensurate with that of soil erosion, but developments in cosmogenic radionuclide analysis have enabled soil scientists to more accurately constrain the rates at which soils form from bedrock. To date, all three major rock types – igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic lithologies – have been examined in such work. Soil formation rates have been measured and compared between these rock types but the impact of rock characteristics such as mineralogy or porosity on soil formation rates has seldom been explored. In this UK-based study, we addressed this knowledge gap by using cosmogenic radionuclide analysis to investigate whether the lithological variability of sandstone governs pedogenesis. Soil formation rates from two arable hillslopes underlain by different types of arenite sandstone were calculated. Rates ranged from 0.090 to 0.193 mm yr<sup>-1</sup> and although the sandstones differed in porosity, no significant differences in soil formation rates were found between them. On the contrary, these rates significantly differed from those measured at two other sandstone-based sites in the UK, and with the rates compiled in global inventory of cosmogenic studies on sandstone-based soils. We suggest that this is due to the absence of matrix and the greater porosities exhibited at our UK sites in comparison to the matrix-abundant, less porous wackes that have been studied previously. We then used soil formation rates to calculate first-order soil lifespans for both of our hillslopes. In a worst case scenario, the lifespan of the A horizon at one of our sites could be eroded in less than 40 years, with bedrock exposure occurring in less than 190 years.  This underlines the urgency required in ameliorating rates of soil erosion. However, we also demonstrate the importance of measuring soil erosion and formation in parallel, at the site of interest, rather than calculating a mean rate from the literature, as we demonstrate soil formation rates can vary significantly among variants of the same rock type.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 with waning immunity in the UK population

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1829) ◽  
pp. 20200274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Crellen ◽  
Li Pi ◽  
Emma L. Davis ◽  
Timothy M. Pollington ◽  
Tim C. D. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Secondary Wave ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Contact Data ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
The Uk

The dynamics of immunity are crucial to understanding the long-term patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Several cases of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 have been documented 48–142 days after the initial infection and immunity to seasonal circulating coronaviruses is estimated to be shorter than 1 year. Using an age-structured, deterministic model, we explore potential immunity dynamics using contact data from the UK population. In the scenario where immunity to SARS-CoV-2 lasts an average of three months for non-hospitalized individuals, a year for hospitalized individuals, and the effective reproduction number after lockdown ends is 1.2 (our worst-case scenario), we find that the secondary peak occurs in winter 2020 with a daily maximum of 387 000 infectious individuals and 125 000 daily new cases; threefold greater than in a scenario with permanent immunity. Our models suggest that longitudinal serological surveys to determine if immunity in the population is waning will be most informative when sampling takes place from the end of the lockdown in June until autumn 2020. After this period, the proportion of the population with antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is expected to increase due to the secondary wave. Overall, our analysis presents considerations for policy makers on the longer-term dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK and suggests that strategies designed to achieve herd immunity may lead to repeated waves of infection as immunity to reinfection is not permanent. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK’.

scholarly journals Risks of Global Financial Markets and the Importance of Credibility: Implications for Hungarian Fiscal Policy

Competitio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Dora Gyorffy
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Systemic Risks ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree

The central issue in the controversy about the adoption of the euro in Hungary is the difficulties associated with the fulfillment of the fiscal criterion and the possible growth sacrifice it requires. In this paper the author examines the question whether the strategy of delaying entry into the euro-zone implies that fiscal consolidation can be delayed as well. In approaching the problem the paper considers the origins and history of the present-day global financial markets and argues that given the high degree of systemic risks individual countries face responsible macroeconomic policies are crucial in minimizing vulnerability tocrises. Consequently in order to avoid excessive interest rates and speculative inflows (or currency crisis in the worst case scenario) fiscal deficits in Hungary would have to be cut and credibility of fiscal policy reestablished even without EMU accession. The overall conclusion from this overview is that delaying entry in order to delay fiscal adjustment is likely to increase the trade off between real and nominal convergence instead of mitigating it. JEL classification: F33, F41, H62

scholarly journals Cost/effectiveness model of dabigatran in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in major orthopedic surgery: Adaptation for Italy

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orietta Zaniolo ◽  
Sorrel E. Wolowacz ◽  
Lorenzo Pradelli
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Worst Case Scenario ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Major Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Acquisition Costs ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
The Uk

Venous thromboembolic events (VTE) represent a dangerous complication of major orthopedic surgery, especially in total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) procedures. Dabigatran etexilate (DBG), a direct and reversible thrombin inhibitor, has proven its non-inferiority with respect to enoxaparin 40mg once-daily, a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), in the prevention of VTE in patients undergoing THR and TKR, in the RE-NOVATE and RE-MODEL trials, respectively. The objective of this analysis was to estimate cost/effectiveness and cost/utility of DBG compared to standard care for the prevention of VTE in Italy. A decision analytic, Markov-chain based model, originally developed for the UK, was adapted to the Italian context. The adaptation involved cost and demographic characteristics, clinical and utility data were not altered. Costs were taken from national observational studies, where available. Otherwise, current prices and tariffs were applied. Resource consumption was derived from practice guidelines or taken from the UK model. According to the prevalent national practice, extended prophylaxis is considered for both surgical procedures. The time horizon of the analysis was patients’ lifetimes. In order to consider different alternatives for drug dispensation and, consequently, National Health Service acquisition costs, alternative scenarios were developed. A further scenario, excluding LMWHs administration costs (“worst-case” scenario), was considered. Compared to LMWHs, DBG was associated with an expected increase of 0.019 life-years (LYs) and 0.014 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) per THR patient and of 0.024 LYs and 0.019 QALYs per TKR patient. DBG-related costs were lower than LMWH in both procedures, with a mean difference ranging from 89 to 116 € for THR, and 107 to 142 for TKR, depending on the LMWH product. Higher acquisition costs for DBG were completely offset and inverted by avoided administration expenses and, to a lesser extent, by savings in VTE management. The results of alternative scenarios confirm the dominance of DBG, with a net saving ranging between 119 €, when both drugs were obtained by auction, and 32 €, when the auction price was applied but DBG was dispensed through territorial pharmacies. The corresponding estimates for TKR were 148 and 54 €. In the “worst-case” scenario, DBG was no longer dominant, with a cost per LYs of 2,788 and 4,514 € and a cost per QALY gained of 3,619 and 5,926 €, for TKR and THR respectively. In conclusion, DBG dominated LMWHs, and was cost-saving and non-inferior in terms of efficacy and safety, except for in the “worst-case” scenario, in which the incremental cost/effectiveness ratio estimate was lower than commonly accepted thresholds in health economics.

scholarly journals Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in the UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
Adam Czapran ◽  
Matthew Steel ◽  
Nicholas A Barrett
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Current System ◽  
Severe Respiratory Failure ◽  
Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

An overview of the current system for referrals and management of severe respiratory failure in the United Kingdom. We outline the history of severe respiratory failure centres, the process of retrieving a patient for veno-venous extra corporeal membrane oxygenation and highlight some common difficulties and pitfalls when referring these critically unwell patients

scholarly journals Academic Systems and Professional Conditions in Five European Countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S35-S53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Cavalli ◽  
Roberto Moscati
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Academic World ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Professional Fields ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Functions Of Higher Education

Despite the tendency to create a European Higher Education and Research area, academic systems are still quite different across Europe. We selected five countries (Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway and the UK) to investigate how the differences have an impact on a number of aspects of the working conditions of academic staff. One crucial aspect is the growing diversification of professional activity: reduction of tenured and tenure tracked position, the growing number of fixed-term contracts for both teaching and research, including the growing recruitment of academic staff from external professional fields. These changes are connected with the changing functions of higher education systems and signal the growing openness of higher education institutions to their outside social and economic environment. To understand these trends one has to take into consideration the different degree in which systems distinguish between teaching and research functions. A second aspect has to do with career paths, their regulation, their length and speed. Here, the history of recruitment and career mechanisms in different countries are of particular importance because the different systems went through different periods of change and stability. Also connected to career is the willingness and the opportunity to move from one position to another, both within and outside the academic world. A third aspect deserving attention that is connected to mobility is the professional satisfaction among academic staff in the five systems considered.

OTC Derivatives Clearing, Brexit, and the CMU

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Ferrarini ◽  
Davide Trasciatti
Keyword(s):  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Otc Derivatives ◽  
Central Counterparties ◽  
Capital Markets Union ◽  
Article 50 ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Market Infrastructure ◽  
The Eu

This chapter contributes to the debate on the future of European over-the-counter (OTC) clearing and relevant infrastructures in light of the Capital Markets Union and its re-configuration after Brexit. It begins by introducing some basic notions about clearing dynamics. It then analyses the available divorce options between the EU and the UK once Article 50 has been triggered, and their impact on clearing particularly in light of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation's equivalence regime. Next, it examines the worst-case scenario that would materialize if UK central counterparties (CCPs) were excluded from the single market, and considers possible network strategies that CCPs could adopt to remedy the consequences of Brexit.

scholarly journals Arable soil formation and erosion: a hillslope-based cosmogenic-nuclide study in the United Kingdom

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Evans ◽  
John N. Quinton ◽  
Andrew M. Tye ◽  
Ángel Rodés ◽  
Jessica A. C. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Formation ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Petrographic Composition ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
The Uk

Abstract. Arable soils are critical resources that support multiple ecosystem services. They are frequently threatened, however, by accelerated erosion. Subsequently, policy to ensure their long-term security is an urgent societal priority. Although long-term security relies upon a balance between the rates of soil loss and formation, there have been few investigations of the formation rates of soils supporting arable agriculture. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by presenting the first isotopically-constrained soil formation rates for an arable (Nottinghamshire, UK) and coniferous woodland hillslope (Shropshire, UK). Rates ranged from 0.023 mm year−1 to 0.064 mm year−1 across the two sites. These rates fall within the range of previously published rates for soils in temperate climates and on sandstone lithologies but significantly differed to those measured in the only other UK-based study. We suggest this is due to the parent material at our sites being more susceptible to weathering. Furthermore, soil formation rates were found to be greatest for aeolian-derived sandstone when compared with fluvially-derived lithology raising questions about the extent to which the petrographic composition of the parent material governs rates of soil formation. On the hillslope currently supporting arable agriculture, we utilised cosmogenically-derived rates of soil formation and erosion in a first-order lifespan model and found, in a worst-case scenario, that the backslope A horizon could be eroded in 137 years with bedrock exposure occurring in 209 years under the current management regime. These findings represent the first quantitative estimate of cultivated soil lifespans in the UK.

scholarly journals Arable soil formation and erosion: a hillslope-based cosmogenic nuclide study in the United Kingdom

SOIL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Evans ◽  
John N. Quinton ◽  
Andrew M. Tye ◽  
Ángel Rodés ◽  
Jessica A. C. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Formation ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Petrographic Composition ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
The Uk

Abstract. Arable soils are critical resources that support multiple ecosystem services. They are frequently threatened, however, by accelerated erosion. Subsequently, policy to ensure their long-term security is an urgent societal priority. Although their long-term security relies upon a balance between the rates of soil loss and formation, there have been few investigations of the formation rates of soils supporting arable agriculture. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by presenting the first isotopically constrained soil formation rates for an arable (Nottinghamshire, UK) and coniferous woodland hillslope (Shropshire, UK). Rates ranged from 0.026 to 0.096 mm yr−1 across the two sites. These rates fall within the range of previously published rates for soils in temperate climates and on sandstone lithologies but significantly differed from those measured in the only other UK-based study. We suggest this is due to the parent material at our sites being more susceptible to weathering. Furthermore, soil formation rates were found to be greatest for aeolian-derived sandstone when compared with fluvially derived lithology raising questions about the extent to which the petrographic composition of the parent material governs rates of soil formation. On the hillslope currently supporting arable agriculture, we utilized cosmogenically derived rates of soil formation and erosion in a first-order lifespan model and found, in a worst-case scenario, that the backslope A horizon could be eroded in 138 years with bedrock exposure occurring in 212 years under the current management regime. These findings represent the first quantitative estimate of cultivated soil lifespans in the UK.

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