Mobile Telecom System Architectures—IMS an Evolution Path Towards IP Convergence

2009 ◽  
pp. 197-222
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Kasimatis ◽  
Dimitra Varla
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Heterogeneous Network ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ip Multimedia Subsystem ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Evolution Path ◽  
Evaluation Strategies ◽  
Ip Network ◽  
Telecom Networks ◽  
Mobile Telecom

This chapter deals with the description of the various applied Mobile System Architectures, showing the evolution path towards the IP Convergence issue, with the introduction of the IP Multimedia Subsystem. It contains the most important networks entities of the different Mobile Networks Systems and their integration to the IMS. Being the core of the Fixed-Mobile Converge, IMS’ operation, functionality and interoperability with the other Telecom platforms are analyzed. Furthermore, aiming in a cost effective high QoS solution, typical performance evaluation strategies of the network manufacturers are described. Its scope is to give an overview of the existing architectures, their network components, their characteristics and their differences, while also show how nearly all traditional Telecom networks can be converged, with the use of the IMS, to an all-IP network, where various applications can be accessed by heterogeneous network platforms.

scholarly journals Many Ways Lead to the Goal—Possibilities of Autonomous and Infrastructure-Based Indoor Positioning

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
Hossein Shoushtari ◽  
Thomas Willemsen ◽  
Harald Sternberg
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Dead Reckoning ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Position Estimation ◽  
Robust Solution ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

There are many ways to navigate in Global Navigation Satellite System-(GNSS) shaded areas. Reliable indoor pedestrian navigation has been a central aim of technology researchers in recent years; however, there still exist open challenges requiring re-examination and evaluation. In this paper, a novel dataset is used to evaluate common approaches for autonomous and infrastructure-based positioning methods. The autonomous variant is the most cost-effective realization; however, realizations using the real test data demonstrate that the use of only autonomous solutions cannot always provide a robust solution. Therefore, correction through the use of infrastructure-based position estimation based on smartphone technology is discussed. This approach invokes the minimum cost when using existing infrastructure, whereby Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) forms the basis of the autonomous position estimation. Realizations with Particle Filters (PF) and a topological approach are presented and discussed. Floor plans and routing graphs are used, in this case, to support PDR positioning. The results show that the positioning model loses stability after a given period of time. Fifth Generation (5G) mobile networks can enable this feature, as well as a massive number of use-cases, which would benefit from user position data. Therefore, a fusion concept of PDR and 5G is presented, the benefit of which is demonstrated using the simulated data. Subsequently, the first implementation of PDR with 5G positioning using PF is carried out.

Abstract W P183: Testing the Utility of an Emergency Room-Based Stroke Evaluation Protocol

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyeong-Moon Kim ◽  
Johanna Helenius ◽  
E Murat Arsava ◽  
Hakan Ay
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vascular Imaging ◽  
Cardiac Monitoring ◽  
Evaluation Protocol ◽  
Evaluation Strategies ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
Major Stroke

Background and purpose: A fundamental goal in diagnostic stroke evaluation is to identify the underlying etiology. We sought to determine the yield of an emergency department-based diagnostic evaluation protocol for identifying the etiology of stroke. Methods: We determined etiologic stroke subtypes using the automated Causative Classification System (CCS, available at https://ccs.mgh.harvard.edu) in 2422 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke at admission and discharge. Admission assessment was based on information from clinical evaluation, ECG, brain imaging (CT or MRI), and vascular imaging (CTA/MRA). Discharge CCS was performed blinded to the admission CCS subtype using information from additional tests such as echocardiography, cardiac monitoring, and special blood and CSF tests. Results: Table 1 shows the distribution of CCS subtypes. Overall, admission and discharge CCS subtypes were different in 29% of the patients. The size of “undetermined” category decreased from 37% at admission to 12% at discharge. The shift from “undetermined” to a known etiology was primarily due to detection of cardiac sources with low or uncertain risk of stroke (94%). The yield of investigations performed after admission in identifying a major known subtype was only 4.1% (p=0.008). Conclusions: A careful clinical evaluation and first-line diagnostic testing including brain and vascular imaging in the emergency department identify > 90% of those with a major stroke etiology. The low yield of additional testing suggests a need for developing cost-effective evaluation strategies in suspected patients.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 5G and beyond: A Survey and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfatteh Haidine ◽  
Fatima Zahra Salmam ◽  
Abdelhak Aqqal ◽  
Aziz Dahbi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mobile Internet ◽  
Network Function ◽  
New Radio ◽  
4G Lte

The deployment of 4G/LTE (Long Term Evolution) mobile network has solved the major challenge of high capacities, to build real broadband mobile Internet. This was possible mainly through very strong physical layer and flexible network architecture. However, the bandwidth hungry services have been developed in unprecedented way, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), etc. Furthermore, mobile networks are facing other new services with extremely demand of higher reliability and almost zero-latency performance, like vehicle communications or Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV). Using new radio interface based on massive MIMO, 5G has overcame some of these challenges. In addition, the adoption of software defend networks (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) has added a higher degree of flexibility allowing the operators to support very demanding services from different vertical markets. However, network operators are forced to consider a higher level of intelligence in their networks, in order to deeply and accurately learn the operating environment and users behaviors and needs. It is also important to forecast their evolution to build a pro-actively and efficiently (self-) updatable network. In this chapter, we describe the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in 5G and beyond, to build cost-effective and adaptable performing next generation mobile network. Some practical use cases of AI/ML in network life cycle are discussed.

scholarly journals Performance measurement of small-cells deployed under a heterogeneous network: an analysis of the co-existence of small-cells with the macro‑cell in 5G NR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mobasshir Mahbub ◽  
Bobby Barua
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Heterogeneous Network ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Macro Cell ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Implementation Costs

Abstract Advancements of cellular networks such as 4G and 5G proposed the collaboration of small-cell technologies in mobile networks and constructed a heterogeneous network (HetNet) for collaborative connectivity. There are many benefits of small-cell-based collective communication such as the increase of device capability in indoor/outdoor locations, enhancement of wireless coverage, improved signal efficiency, lower implementation costs of gNB (Next-generation Base Station introduced in 5G), etc. The integration of small-cells by deploying low-power BSs (base stations) in conventional macro-gNBs was investigated as a convenient and economical way of raising the potentials of a cellular network with high demand from consumers. The fusion of small-cells with macro-cells offers increased coverage and capacity for heterogeneous networks. Therefore, the research aimed to realize the performance of a small-cell deployed under a macro-cell in a two-tier heterogeneous network. The research first modified the reference equation for measuring the received power by introducing the transmitter and receiver gain. The paper then measured the SINR, throughput, spectral efficiency, and power efficiency for both downlink and uplink by empirical simulation. The research further enlisted the notable outcomes after examining the simulation results and discussed some relevant research scopes in the concluding sections of the paper.

Optimized Selection of Reliable and Cost-Effective Safety-Critical System Architectures

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2109-2123
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Nuzzo ◽  
Nikunj Bajaj ◽  
Michael Masin ◽  
Dmitrii Kirov ◽  
Roberto Passerone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Critical System ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Safety Critical System ◽  
Selection Of
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