Simulation and Modelling in Fire Safety

2020 ◽  
pp. 232-262
Author(s):  
Tomaz Hozjan ◽  
Kamila Kempna ◽  
Jan Smolka
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Smoke Movement ◽  
Fire Engineering ◽  
Limited Budget ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
In Fire

Actual and future concerns in fire safety in buildings and infrastructure are challenging. Modern technologies provide rapid development in area of fire safety, especially in education, training, and fire-engineering. Modelling as a tool in fire-engineering provides possibility to design specific fire scenarios and investigate fire spread, smoke movement or evacuation of occupants from buildings. Development of emerging technologies and software provides higher possibility to apply these models with interactions of augmented and virtual reality. Augmented reality and virtual reality expand effectivity of training and preparedness of first (fire wardens) and second (firefighters) responders. Limitations such as financial demands, scale and scenarios of practical training of first and second responders are much lower than in virtual reality. These technologies provide great opportunities in preparedness to crisis in a safety way with significantly limited budget. Some of these systems are already developed and applied in safety and security area e.g. XVR (firefighting, medical service).

Numerical Analysis on Parameters Adjustment of Smoke Control System in a Complicated Underground Commercial Zone

2013 ◽  
Vol 341-342 ◽  
pp. 743-747
Author(s):  
De Wen Li ◽  
Jing Zhao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Smoke Control ◽  
Smoke Movement ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
Dynamic Simulator ◽  
Underground Fire ◽  
Fire Dynamic Simulator ◽  
Smoke Control System

The technical parameters adjustment of smoke control system in a complicated underground commercial zone is studied by numerical simulations. An underground fire model (it encloses a hotel, a supermarket, and a net bar) and five typical fire scenarios are designed. The Fire Dynamic Simulator code is used to investigate the characteristics of fire spread and smoke movement, and obtain the available safety egress times in different fire scenarios. The required safety egress time is calculated based on the data of actual simulation exercises and numerical simulation by Building EXODUS. The simulation results show that, when the smoke exhaust rate is 5.56 cubic meter per second and air low rate reaches 3.89 cubic meter per second simultaneously, the available safety egress time is more than the required safety egress time.

scholarly journals Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Fire Safety of Agricultural Structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7716
Author(s):  
Chrysanthos Maraveas ◽  
Dimitrios Loukatos ◽  
Thomas Bartzanas ◽  
Konstantinos G. Arvanitis
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Fire Prevention ◽  
Smoke Movement ◽  
In Fire

Artificial intelligence applications in fire safety of agricultural structures have practical economic and technological benefits on commercial agriculture. The FAO estimates that wildfires result in at least USD 1 billion in agriculture-related losses due to the destruction of livestock pasture, destruction of agricultural buildings, premature death of farm animals, and general disruption of agricultural activities. Even though artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic algorithms (GAs), probabilistic neural networks (PNNs), and adaptive neurofuzzy inference systems (ANFISs), among others, have proven useful in fire prevention, their application is limited in real farm environments. Most farms rely on traditional/non-technology-based methods of fire prevention. The case for AI in agricultural fire prevention is grounded on the accuracy and reliability of computer simulations in smoke movement analysis, risk assessment, and postfire analysis. In addition, such technologies can be coupled with next-generation fire-retardant materials such as intumescent coatings with a polymer binder, blowing agent, carbon donor, and acid donor. Future prospects for AI in agriculture transcend basic fire safety to encompass Society 5.0, energy systems in smart cities, UAV monitoring, Agriculture 4.0, and decentralized energy. However, critical challenges must be overcome, including the health and safety aspects, cost, and reliability. In brief, AI offers unlimited potential in the prevention of fire hazards in farms, but the existing body of knowledge is inadequate.

scholarly journals Numerical studies on fire hazards of elevator evacuation in supertall buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Cai ◽  
W.K. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Wind Effect ◽  
Smoke Movement ◽  
Fire Hazards ◽  
Fire Engineering ◽  
Smoke Spread ◽  
Pressurization System ◽  
Elevator Evacuation

Long evacuation time is a key fire safety concern for crowded supertall buildings. Elevator evacuation appears to be the only choice but fire safety provisions are not specially designed for the use of elevators. A fire safe elevator system was proposed earlier for supertall buildings by providing elevator accessible on each floor level and passing through the refuge place. The fire hazard associated with this design has been studied numerically through an example building in this paper. Smoke spread to the elevator system was considered in the study. The effect of ventilation of the shaft, stack effect and wind effect on smoke movement were studied by empirical equations in fire engineering and justified by computational fluid dynamics. Different designs of smoke extraction with pressurization system were evaluated by analysing the smoke dispersion and pressure distributions. The effect of fire at different heights on smoke spread was also investigated. Results show that the smoke extraction system can only delay smoke spread to the elevator shaft near the fire source for a short time. The “four-floor approach” pressurization system can confine the smoke in the area of fire floor for a sufficiently long time period for safe evacuation.

Fire Safety Engineering for Open and Closed Car Parks: C.A.S.E. Project for L’Aquila

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 746-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emidio Nigro ◽  
Giuseppe Cefarelli ◽  
Anna Ferraro ◽  
Gaetano Manfredi ◽  
Edoardo Cosenza
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Safety Engineering ◽  
Steel Columns ◽  
Fire Safety Engineering ◽  
Design Fire ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Definition Of

The Fire Safety Engineering (FSE) is a multi-discipline aimed to define the fire safety strategy for buildings under fire conditions, in which structural stability and control of fire spread are achieved by providing active and/or passive fire protection. In this paper, the aspects of FSE for the structural safety checks in case of fire are shown with reference to Italian and European standards. FSE requires the choice of a performance level, the definition of design fire scenarios, the choice of heat flows models and several numerical thermo-mechanical analyses. The information provided by a significant research, performed in Europe for open and closed car parks, are used to apply the FSE to the car parks of the new buildings of the C.A.S.E. Project for L’Aquila, characterized by steel columns supporting the seismically isolated superstructure. The results of the application of the FSE approach are reported and discussed in the second part of the paper.

System and Subsystems Used in the Engineering Approach of Human Evacuation in Case of Fire

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeno Cosmin Grigoraş ◽  
Dan Diaconu-Şotropa
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Safety Engineering ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Fire Safety Engineering ◽  
Fire Engineering ◽  
Engineering Activity ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
In Fire

The new approach of human evacuation in case of fire, the engineering one, offers additional possibilities of assessment for this activity included in the issue of fire safety of buildings. Being a relatively new field of study, less known to professionals specialized in fire safety (but quite well known to specialized researchers), fire safety engineering undergoes permanent reorganization at the level of concepts and procedures, information by mean of which it operate, due to the rapid accumulation of experience in this area of engineering activity; therefore, after countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA have provided to their specialists normative regulations specific to fire safety engineering, groups of specialists from these countries have joined their efforts to try reducing the differences between these regulations and give a unified, better conceptualized approach to fire safety engineering. The result: the development of International Fire Engineering Guidelines (last edition 2005). The systemic approach to fire safety in buildings outlined, once again, the possibility of modular organization of this field of study, the relations between modules depending on the objectives followed in a fire safety analysis for a specified building. This article intends to present in this modularized perspective, human evacuation in case of fire from a building designed for higher education, with a centrally located atrium.

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