Obesity Levels of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

2022 ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Ebru Efeoglu ◽  
Ayşe Tuna
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have considerable health inequalities including higher levels of unmet health needs and a shorter life expectancy compared to the general population. The prevalence of obesity, a commonly accepted measure of health inequalities, is higher in people with ID than in the general population, and the factors leading to the increased prevalence among people with ID have not been well understood yet. This has become worse during the COVID-19 pandemic due to nationwide full and partial curfews. In this study, based on a dataset that comprises a set of parameters related to eating habits and physical conditions of a number individuals, the use of classification algorithms for predicting obesity levels of individuals with ID is proposed, and a performance analysis is made using well-known performance metrics. The results could be used by researchers and practitioners in this field to choose the best classifier for their mobile application solutions. Opportunities, research challenges, and future research directions in this topic are also presented.

scholarly journals Intelligent Load Balancing Techniques in Software Defined Networks: A Survey

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thabo Semong ◽  
Thabiso Maupong ◽  
Stephen Anokye ◽  
Kefalotse Kehulakae ◽  
Setso Dimakatso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Internet Traffic ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Single Server ◽  
Multiple Servers ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Load Balancer ◽  
Multiple Clients

In the current technology driven era, the use of devices that connect to the internet has increased significantly. Consequently, there has been a significant increase in internet traffic. Some of the challenges that arise from the increased traffic include, but are not limited to, multiple clients on a single server (which can result in denial of service (DoS)), difficulty in network scalability, and poor service availability. One of the solutions proposed in literature, to mitigate these, is the use of multiple servers with a load balancer. Despite their common use, load balancers, have shown to have some disadvantages, like being vendor specific and non-programmable. To address these disadvantages and improve internet traffic, there has been a paradigm shift which resulted in the introduction of software defined networking (SDN). SDN allows for load balancers that are programmable and provides the flexibility for one to design and implement own load balancing strategies. In this survey, we highlight the key elements of SDN and OpenFlow technology and their effect on load balancing. We provide an overview of the various load balancing schemes in SDN. The overview is based on research challenges, existing solutions, and we give possible future research directions. A summary of emulators/mathematical tools commonly used in the design of intelligent load balancing SDN algorithms is provided. Finally, we outline the performance metrics used to evaluate the algorithms.

Use of Humanoid Robots for Students With Intellectual Disabilities

2019 ◽  
pp. 208-228
Author(s):  
Ayşe Tuna ◽  
Emine Ahmetoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Educational Goals ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Students With Autism ◽  
Students With Intellectual Disabilities

In parallel with the significant developments in robotics, humanoid robots have become popular recently. It is known that when humanoid robots are used for educational goals, students become more interested in learning activities, develop better situation awareness through exercises and physical activities, and learn more effectively. Therefore, humanoid robots will possibly play a key role in education in the future. Since humanoid robots have enhanced social skills, are able to repeat a particular sequence many times, and provide real-time feedback, they can improve the engagement of students with intellectual disabilities and may find significant acceptance in specific target groups, such as students with autism spectrum disorder. In this chapter, the authors investigate the use of humanoid robots for students with intellectual disabilities and review existing approaches in this domain. In addition, limitations and challenges to the use of humanoid robots for educational goals are discussed. Finally, the authors investigate research challenges in this domain and state future research directions.

Problem Behaviour as Communication

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Mark Durand
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Communication Training ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Functional Communication ◽  
Problem Behaviour ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
And Training ◽  
Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

Individuals with intellectual disabilities commonly engage in a variety of problematic behaviours such as aggression and self-injury. This paper discusses the value of using a communicative model to study these behaviour problems. First, the reciprocal nature of behaviour problems is outlined. Next, research on the use of functional communication training as a treatment for behaviour problems is reviewed in terms of its initial effectiveness, generalisation, and maintenance, as well as the mechanisms responsible for behaviour change. Finally, recommendations are made for future research and training efforts aimed at reducing severe behaviour problems.

scholarly journals Motivating Military Trainee Healthy Eating: Insight from Two Sites

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1053
Author(s):  
Anna Kitunen ◽  
Julia Carins ◽  
Sharyn Rundle-Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Cooking Skills ◽  
Future Research Directions

This paper investigates eating behaviours and motivations of early career military trainees from two pathways (officer cadets and army recruits) to understand whether, and to what extent, healthful eating behaviours were present, and what motivates eating in general and healthful habits specifically. The study also sought to understand whether groups need strategies that are pathway specific or are transferrable across different trainee populations. Participants were recruited via email to complete an online survey and through in-person invitations to ensure a diverse cross section of trainees (n = 195) and recruits (n = 297). Two-step cluster analysis revealed three distinct segments with education, opportunity and motivation being the most important variables within a wider multivariate segment formation and stepwise linear regression was performed to identify the most optimal model with the least number of predictors for each segment. The ideal model for the uninterested segment contained nine predictors, seven predictors for the Breakfast skippers segment and eight predictors for the Weight conscious segment. This study found that there is room for improvement in the eating habits of military trainees across military training pathways. Eating motivations, and their associations with healthful eating habits, indicate a need for strategies that are broader than instilling or reinforcing health motivations. Strategies that can be implemented to support healthful eating for military trainees include provision of food preparation and cooking skills training, coupled with provision of social support and environments that facilitate healthful eating. Furthermore, three distinct segments were discovered within the trainee population, indicating that strategies for positively changing trainees’ eating behaviours may not need to be pathway specific, rather it may be possible to introduce the same group of segmented strategies across both pathways. Future research directions and limitations are outlined.

The Effect of Various High-Probability to Low-Probability Instruction Ratios During the Use of the High-Probability Instructional Sequence

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hallie Ertel ◽  
David A. Wilder ◽  
Ansley Hodges ◽  
LeAnn Hurtado
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Instructional Sequence ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

The high-probability (high-p) instructional sequence, which involves the delivery of a series of high-p instructions immediately before delivery of a low-probability (low-p) instruction, is a commonly used procedure to increase compliance among children and individuals with intellectual disabilities. Although the modal ratio of high-p instructions to low-p instructions is 3:1, other ratios may be more effective. In the current study, we compared three ratios of high-p with low-p instructions (i.e., 1:1, 3:1, and 5:1) during use of the high-p instructional sequence to increase compliance among three children with autism. Results suggest that the high-p sequence was effective to increase compliance for two of three participants and that the 5:1 ratio was most effective overall, although differences among ratios were slight for some participants. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals The blind mind: No sensory imagery in aphantasia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Keogh ◽  
Joel Pearson
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Spatial Imagery ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Sensory Imagery ◽  
Subjective Reports

For most people the use of visual imagery is pervasive in daily life, but for a small group of people the experience of visual imagery is entirely unknown. Research based on subjective phenomenology indicates that otherwise healthy people can completely lack the experience of visual imagery, a condition now referred to as aphantasia. As aphantasia has thus far been based on subjective reports, it remains unclear whether participants are really unable to imagine visually, or if they have very poor metacognition; that is they have images in their mind, but are blind to them. Here we measured subjectively diagnosed aphantasic's sensory imagery, using the binocular rivalry paradigm, as well as measuring their self-rated object and spatial imagery with multiple questionnaires (VVIQ, SUIS and OSIQ). Unlike, the general population, experimentally naive aphantasics showed almost no imagery-based rivalry priming. Aphantasic participant's self-rated visual object imagery was also well below average, however their spatial imagery scores were above average. These data suggest that aphantasia is a condition involving a lack of sensory and phenomenal imagery, and not a lack of metacognition. The possible underlying neurological cause of aphantasia is discussed as well as future research directions.

Staff ability to carry out behavioural strategies for individuals with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-257
Author(s):  
Marian Klaver ◽  
Barbara van den Hoofdakker ◽  
Eke Bruinsma ◽  
Gerda de Kuijper ◽  
Pieter J. Hoekstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioural Interventions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Service Characteristics ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Challenging Behaviours ◽  
Behavioural Strategies ◽  
Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of studies that focused on variables likely to affect staff ability to carry out behavioural strategies for challenging behaviours in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Design/methodology/approach Literature review: studies that were published in a peer reviewed journal, between 1999 and 2016, were selected for this review. Findings In total, 29 articles were selected. Several factors likely affect staff ability to appropriately carry out behavioural interventions were identified: staff assumptions, distressing emotions elicited by challenging behaviours, reciprocal reinforcement systems, service characteristics and cultural systems. Originality/value These findings raise the question what staff need in order to be able to change their naturally occurring behaviours in response to challenging behaviours and to carry out behavioural interventions. Future research may identify barriers and facilitators underlying the provision of effective interventions, taking into account the possible role of staff beliefs, their emotions, service characteristics and cultural systems.

scholarly journals Social commerce - A Bibliometric Analysis and Future Research Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Commerce ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Performance

The present study performs the bibliometric analysis of the social commerce (s-commerce) literature, highlights the major research themes, and suggests future research directions. The HistCite software has been used for bibliometric analysis on a sample of 660 s-commerce papers obtained from the ISI Web of Science database. This study analyses these papers to present the details about the influential journals, authors, and universities regarding s-commerce research. Following research themes have been identified based on the content analysis as well as citation mapping of the top-cited 53 s-commerce papers: 1) S-commerce – Purchase Intention, 2) S-commerce – Sharing Intention, 3) Social Media – Marketing and Consumer Engagement, 4) S-commerce – User Preferences and Concerns. Subsequently, a multi-dimensional conceptual model has been developed to highlight the coupling and flow between s-commerce growth drivers, practice indicators, and performance metrics. Finally, future research directions have been recommended.

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