Financing the Green Building Retrofitting Investments

2021 ◽  
pp. 394-416
Author(s):  
Eugen Mitrica
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
The Future ◽  
Private Investors

The main financial barrier of large scale implementation of green building retrofitting investments is due to the relatively large investment volume needed, compared to the future flow of yearly energy savings or/and yearly estimated differences of incomes collected, if the building is a commercial building (commercial center, office building, hotel or even residential rental building). The uncertainty implicitly involved in this estimation, both for the future savings and for the yearly differences of incomes, which are usually not very large, both make these investments apparently not so attractive for private investors, especially for owners of residential buildings, with limited self-financing power. Nevertheless, from the society point of view, the benefits created by saving the energy and consequently reducing the carbon foot print, can be very attractive. That is why the public support is often used as an “impulse solution” for implementation of these investments. The Cost Benefit Analysis methodology, particularized for these investments, is presented in this chapter.

Financing the Green Building Retrofitting Investments

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-72
Author(s):  
Eugen Mitrica
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
The Future ◽  
Private Investors

The main financial barrier of large scale implementation of green building retrofitting investments is due to the relatively large investment volume needed, compared to the future flow of yearly energy savings or/and yearly estimated differences of incomes collected, if the building is a commercial building (commercial center, office building, hotel or even residential rental building). The uncertainty implicitly involved in this estimation, both for the future savings and for the yearly differences of incomes, which are usually not very large, both make these investments apparently not so attractive for private investors, especially for owners of residential buildings, with limited self-financing power. Nevertheless, from the society point of view, the benefits created by saving the energy and consequently reducing the carbon foot print, can be very attractive. That is why the public support is often used as an “impulse solution” for implementation of these investments. The Cost Benefit Analysis methodology, particularized for these investments, is presented in this chapter.

scholarly journals Energy Savings and Cost-benefit Analysis of the New Commercial Building Standard in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanguo Zhao ◽  
Wei Feng ◽  
Shicong Zhang ◽  
Jing Hou ◽  
Nan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Commercial Building

Public Investment Criteria: Benefit-Cost Analysis for Planned Economic Growth by Stephen A. Marglin. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.103. 22s. 6d.********** Investments for Capacity Expansion: Size, Location and Time-Phasing edited by Alan S. Manne. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.239. 45s.Investments for Capacity Expansion: Size, Location and Time-Phasing edited by Alan S. Manne. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.239. 45s.

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-420
Author(s):  
Arthur MacEwan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Capacity Expansion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
Benefit Cost

These books are numbers 4 and 5, respectively, in the series "Studies in the Economic Development of India". The two books are interesting complements to one another, both being concerned with the analysis of projects within national plan formulation. However, they treat different sorts of problems and do so on very different levels. Marglin's Public Investment Criteria is a short treatise on the problems of cost-benefit analysis in an Indian type economy, i.e., a mixed economy in which the government accepts a large planning responsibility. The book, which is wholely theoretical, explains the many criteria needed for evaluation of projects. The work is aimed at beginning students and government officials with some training in economics. It is a clear and interesting "introduction to the special branch of economics that concerns itself with systematic analysis of investment alternatives from the point of view of a government".

scholarly journals A Methodological Framework for Sustainable Office Building Renovation Using Green Building Rating Systems and Cost-Benefit Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6156
Author(s):  
Nataša Šuman ◽  
Mojca Marinič ◽  
Milan Kuhta
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Rating System ◽  
Benefit Analysis

Sustainable development is a priority for the future of our society. Sustainable development is of particular importance to the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, both for new buildings and for the renovation of existing buildings. Great potential for sustainable development lies in the renovation of existing office buildings. This paper introduces a new framework for identifying the best set of renovation strategies for existing office buildings. The framework applies selected green building rating system criteria and cost-effective sustainable renovation solutions based on cost-benefit analysis (CBA), and thus provides a novelty in decision-making support for the sustainable renovation of office buildings at an early-stage. The framework covers all necessary steps and activities including data collection, determination of the required level of renovation, selection of the green building rating system, identification of impact categories and criteria, and final evaluation and decision-making using CBA. The framework can be used in conjunction with different systems and according to different regional characteristics. The applicability of the addressing procedure is shown through a case study of a comprehensive renovation of an office building in the city of Maribor.

scholarly journals GATECloud.net: a platform for large-scale, open-source text processing on the cloud

2013 ◽  
Vol 371 (1983) ◽  
pp. 20120071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Tablan ◽  
Ian Roberts ◽  
Hamish Cunningham ◽  
Kalina Bontcheva
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Data Intensive ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Usage Evaluation

Cloud computing is increasingly being regarded as a key enabler of the ‘democratization of science’, because on-demand, highly scalable cloud computing facilities enable researchers anywhere to carry out data-intensive experiments. In the context of natural language processing (NLP), algorithms tend to be complex, which makes their parallelization and deployment on cloud platforms a non-trivial task. This study presents a new, unique, cloud-based platform for large-scale NLP research—GATECloud. net. It enables researchers to carry out data-intensive NLP experiments by harnessing the vast, on-demand compute power of the Amazon cloud. Important infrastructural issues are dealt with by the platform, completely transparently for the researcher: load balancing, efficient data upload and storage, deployment on the virtual machines, security and fault tolerance. We also include a cost–benefit analysis and usage evaluation.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Information Security in 5G IoT Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1328-1333
Author(s):  
Ivan Petrov ◽  
Toni Janevski
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Network Virtualization ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Operation Management ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Network Function ◽  
The Future

The development of the telecommunication networks observed in present and future time is impressive. Today we witness rapid implementation of 5G networks. We can say that this actually is the moment when (artificial intelligence) AI enters at small door but in the beyond 5G world it is expected to have the prime role in smart operation, management and maintenance of non-software defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV) and especially at SDN and NFV aware networks. Number of standardization body’s and work groups are focused in a way to create a framework that will define the future use of AI and security standards necessary to exist in order to create health environment for the next generation telecommunication infrastructure. In the wireless world AI/Machine learning (ML) has great potential to shake the way we operate and to become foundation of the transformation that leads to the next industrial revolution. Network virtualization gives flexibility and freedom of the telco operators to choose the hardware and network topology they need for AI/ML platforms and big data sets. 5G and IoT create positive environment for AI and ML development and usage. As the network requirements are developed and the number of the users raises, gains are expected to grow with the number of variables and the interactions among them so it becomes impossible to relay on humans to control the network for increased number of variables and this is why AI with ML and automation become beneficial and necessity to run the future networks. AI generally is defined as capacity of mind or ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills while ML is defined as learning that does not require explicit programming. Combined usage of AI and ML can optimize almost any component of the wireless network, this does not mean that it should be used everywhere mainly because at the end of the day the cost benefit analysis of its usage must be positive. Smart operation, management and infrastructure maintenance (SOMM) networks are defined as: Intelligent, data driven, integrated and agile. Today AI is introduced but in future it will represent the network engine. It is interesting to mention that network security must be upgraded because the network will provide services for massive number of IoT devices that will have variety of functions and requests. AI/ML can improve the security services and to be used in order to elevate them at advanced level. In this text we focus our attention at AI/ML and security scenarios defined for IoT in 5G environment.

Why They Fight: How Perceived Motivations for Military Service Shape Support for the Use of Force

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald R Krebs ◽  
Robert Ralston ◽  
Aaron Rapport
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Good Citizen ◽  
Political Partisanship ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract What shapes public support for military missions? Existing scholarship points to, on the one hand, individuals’ affiliations and predispositions (such as political partisanship and gender), and, on the other hand, factors that shape a rational cost–benefit analysis (notably, mission objectives, the prospects for victory, and the magnitude and distribution of costs). We argue that public opinion is also shaped by beliefs about why soldiers voluntarily enlist. Using novel survey data and an experiment, deployed to a nationally representative sample of Americans, we test how four conceptions of soldiering affect support for a prospective military operation. We find, in observational data, that believing that a soldier is a good citizen or patriot bolsters support for the mission, while believing that a soldier has enlisted because he wants the material benefits of service or has “no other options” undermines support. These results support our causal argument: Americans’ attitudes toward military missions are shaped by their perception of whether the soldier has consented to deployment rather than by feelings of social obligation. This article has implications for debates on the determinants of public support for military missions and the relationship between military service and citizenship in democracies.

Privacy Factors for Successful Ubiquitous Computing

2010 ◽  
pp. 1408-1424
Author(s):  
Linda Little ◽  
Pam Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitous Computing ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
The Impact

Certain privacy principles have been established by industry, (e.g. USCAM, 2006). Over the past two years, we have been trying to understand whether such principles reflect the concerns of the ordinary citizen. We have developed a method of enquiry which displays a rich context to the user in order to elicit more detailed information about those privacy factors that underpin our acceptance of ubiquitous computing. To investigate use and acceptance Videotaped Activity Scenarios specifically related to the exchange of health, financial, shopping and e-voting information and a large scale survey were used. We present a detailed analysis of user concerns firstly in terms of a set of constructs that might reflect user-generated privacy principles; secondly those factors likely to play a key role in an individual’s cost-benefit analysis and thirdly, longer-term concerns of the citizen in terms of the impact of new technologies on social engagement and human values.

scholarly journals Maximum Closeness Centrality k-Clubs: A Study of Dock-Less Bike Sharing

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ali Rahim Taleqani ◽  
Chrysafis Vogiatzis ◽  
Jill Hough
Keyword(s):  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Closeness Centrality ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Greedy Heuristic ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Coordination Costs ◽  
Bike Sharing

In this work, we investigate a new paradigm for dock-less bike sharing. Recently, it has become essential to accommodate connected and free-floating bicycles in modern bike-sharing operations. This change comes with an increase in the coordination cost, as bicycles are no longer checked in and out from bike-sharing stations that are fully equipped to handle the volume of requests; instead, bicycles can be checked in and out from virtually anywhere. In this paper, we propose a new framework for combining traditional bike stations with locations that can serve as free-floating bike-sharing stations. The framework we propose here focuses on identifying highly centralized k-clubs (i.e., connected subgraphs of restricted diameter). The restricted diameter reduces coordination costs as dock-less bicycles can only be found in specific locations. In addition, we use closeness centrality as this metric allows for quick access to dock-less bike sharing while, at the same time, optimizing the reach of service to bikers/customers. For the proposed problem, we first derive its computational complexity and show that it is NP-hard (by reduction from the 3-SATISFIABILITY problem), and then provide an integer programming formulation. Due to its computational complexity, the problem cannot be solved exactly in a large-scale setting, as is such of an urban area. Hence, we provide a greedy heuristic approach that is shown to run in reasonable computational time. We also provide the presentation and analysis of a case study in two cities of the state of North Dakota: Casselton and Fargo. Our work concludes with the cost-benefit analysis of both models (docked vs. dockless) to suggest the potential advantages of the proposed model.

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