The Outdoor Space Configuration and Orientation Study of Traditional Farmhouses Surrounded by Bamboo Enclosures on the Lan-Yang Plain

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 2642-2645
Author(s):  
Hung Ren Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Life Style ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Property A ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Orientation Study ◽  
Outdoor Space ◽  
Cultural Feature

The traditional farmhouse, surrounded by a bamboo enclosure is an important cultural feature of the landscape on the Lan-yang Plain. As traditional farmhouses surrounded by bamboo enclosures are gradually disappearing due to social and economic change in Taiwan, we resorted to using in-the-field surveys and analysis of aerial photographs as tools to explore the configuration and orientations of traditional farmhouse buildings and their enclosures. Our findings are to serve as reference for the promotion of future conservation and restoration projects. Our study found three components typical to the outdoor space arrangement of farmhouses surrounded by bamboo enclosures: a bamboo enclosure area that completely encloses the property, a main courtyard area and a side/backyard area. The most common orientation of the bamboo enclosure was with the opening to the enclosure facing southwest and the rear facing northeast, protecting the building and space from the colder northeastern winds and rains. It is the combination of climate conditions, agricultural activities and the farming life-style that created this unique configuration of building and bamboo buffer that is visible throughout the Lan-Yang Plain.

scholarly journals The duration of the active phase on surge-type glaciers: contrasts between Svalbard and other regions

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (127) ◽  
pp. 388-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian A. Dowdeswell ◽  
Gordon S. Hamilton ◽  
Jon Ove Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
North America ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Phase Duration ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The World ◽  
Glacier Surges ◽  
Fast Motion

AbstractMany glaciers in Svalbard and in other glacierized areas of the world are known to surge. However, the time series of observations required to assess the duration of fast motion is very restricted. Data on active-phase duration in Svalbard come from aerial photographs, satellite imagery, field surveys and airborne reconnaissance. Evidence on surge duration is available for eight Svalbard ice masses varying from 3 to 1250 km2. Worldwide, active-phase duration is recorded for less than 50 glaciers. Few observations are available on high polar ice masses. The duration of the active phase is significantly longer for Svalbard glaciers than for surge-type glaciers in other areas from which data are available. In Svalbard, the active phase may last from 3 to 10 years. By contrast, a surge duration of 1–2 years is more typical of ice masses in northwest North America, Iceland and the Pamirs. Ice velocities during the protracted active phase on Svalbard glaciers are considerably lower than those for many surge-type glaciers in these other regions. Mass is transferred down-glacier more slowly but over a considerably longer period. Svalbard surge-type glaciers do not exhibit the very abrupt termination of the active phase, over periods of a few days, observed for several Alaskan glaciers. The duration of the active phase in Svalbard is not dependent on parameters related to glacier size. The quiescent phase is also relatively long (50–500 years) for Svalbard ice masses. Detailed field monitoring of changing basal conditions through the surge cycle is required from surge-type glaciers in Svalbard in order to explain the significantly longer length of the active phase for glaciers in the archipelago, which may also typify other high polar ice masses. The finding that surge behaviour, in the form of active-phase duration, shows systematic differences between different regions and their environments has important implications for understanding the processes responsible for glacier surges.

scholarly journals Late Holocene environmental reconstructions and their implications on flood events, typhoon, and agricultural activities in NE Taiwan

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1857-1869 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.-C. Wang ◽  
H. Behling ◽  
T.-Q. Lee ◽  
H.-C. Li ◽  
C.-A. Huh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Hydrological Conditions ◽  
Enso Events

Abstract. We reconstructed paleoenvironmental changes from a sediment archive of a lake in the floodplain of the Ilan Plain of NE Taiwan on multi-decadal resolution for the last ca. 1900 years. On the basis of pollen and diatom records, we evaluated past floods, typhoons, and agricultural activities in this area which are sensitive to the hydrological conditions in the western Pacific. Considering the high sedimentation rates with low microfossil preservations in our sedimentary record, multiple flood events were. identified during the period AD 100–1400. During the Little Ice Age phase 1 (LIA 1 – AD 1400–1620), the abundant occurrences of wetland plant (Cyperaceae) and diatom frustules imply less flood events under stable climate conditions in this period. Between AD 500 and 700 and the Little Ice Age phase 2 (LIA 2 – AD 1630–1850), the frequent typhoons were inferred by coarse sediments and planktonic diatoms, which represented more dynamical climate conditions than in the LIA 1. By comparing our results with the reconstructed changes in tropical hydrological conditions, we suggested that the local hydrology in NE Taiwan is strongly influenced by typhoon-triggered heavy rainfalls, which could be influenced by the variation of global temperature, the expansion of the Pacific warm pool, and the intensification of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.

Geodiversity through time: Changing badland landscapes due to anthropogenic and climatic forcing in the Northern Apennines (Italy)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Soldati ◽  
Carlotta Parenti ◽  
Paola Coratza
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Northern Apennines ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Climatic Forcing ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Soil Depletion

<div> <p>Soil erosion is one of the most significant land degradation processes worldwide, and has produced diverse geomorphological effects in different environments according to anthropogenetic and climatic forcing. In times of global change, it is of remarkable interest to trace these changes also in terms of landscape geodiversity through time.</p> <p>This is the case of the badland landscapes that characterize relatively large sectors of the Northern Apennines (Italy) where clayey and marly terrains outcrop. Erosion rates have locally been very high, which caused widespread badland landform development, also accompanied by hazardous processes, such as the retrogression of badland scarps and rapid soil depletion.</p> <p>This study aimed at understanding the evolution of badlands in selected areas of the Province of Modena (Emilia Apennines) through landform inventory, morphometric analysis and statistical assessment of influencing factors (e.g., slope aspect, climate conditions, land use), accompanied by detailed field surveys aiming at detailed mapping the areas presently affected by badlands. Several sets of aerial photos and satellite images were selected in order to perform multitemporal geomorphological analysis, define the evolution of badlands through time and assess multitemporal geodiversity by monitoring key environmental elements. The morphometric analysis of badlands was performed with the aim of understanding the causes of their development since the 1950s in relation to anthropogenic activities and meteoclimatic trends. The research showed a progressive reduction of active badlands and stabilization of gully features, leading to a substantial diversity of geomorphological landscapes of wide sectors of the investigated area.</p> <p>This study underlines that the investigation of landscape changes can provide useful elements for the assessment of geodiversity not only in space but also through time. This approach made it possible to outline changes in geodiversity at different period of time and thus gain information on dynamic geodiversity, which is worth to be considered in land management.</p> </div>

scholarly journals Landslide Erosion Rate in the Eastern Cordillera of Northern Bolivia

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy A. Blodgett ◽  
Bryan L. Isacks
Keyword(s):  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Bedrock Rivers ◽  
Eastern Cordillera ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Landslide Volume ◽  
Tectonically Active ◽  
Dominant Process ◽  
Very High

Abstract The northeastern edge of the Bolivian Eastern Cordillera is an example of a tectonically active plateau margin where orographically enhanced precipitation facilitates very high rates of erosion. The topography of the steepest part of the margin exhibits the classic signature of high erosion rates consisting of high-relief V-shaped valleys where landsliding is the dominant process of hillslope erosion and bedrock rivers are incising into the landscape. The authors mapped landslide scars on multitemporal aerial photographs to estimate hillslope erosion rates. Field surveys of landslide scars are used to calibrate a landslide volume versus area relationship. The mapped area of landsliding, in combination with an estimate of the time for landslide scars to revegetate, leads to an erosion rate estimate. The estimated revegetation time, 10–35 yr, is based on analysis of multitemporal aerial photographs and tree rings. About 4%–6% of two watersheds in the region considered were affected by landslides over the last 10–35 yr. This result implies an erosion rate of 9 ± 5 mm yr−1 assuming that 90% of a single landslide reaches the river on average. Classified Landsat Thematic Mapper images show that landslides are occurring at approximately the same rate all across an approximately 40-km-wide swath within the high-relief zones of the cordillera.

scholarly journals The duration of the active phase on surge-type glaciers: contrasts between Svalbard and other regions

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (127) ◽  
pp. 388-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian A. Dowdeswell ◽  
Gordon S. Hamilton ◽  
Jon Ove Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
North America ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Phase Duration ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The World ◽  
Glacier Surges ◽  
Fast Motion

AbstractMany glaciers in Svalbard and in other glacierized areas of the world are known to surge. However, the time series of observations required to assess the duration of fast motion is very restricted. Data on active-phase duration in Svalbard come from aerial photographs, satellite imagery, field surveys and airborne reconnaissance. Evidence on surge duration is available for eight Svalbard ice masses varying from 3 to 1250 km2. Worldwide, active-phase duration is recorded for less than 50 glaciers. Few observations are available on high polar ice masses. The duration of the active phase is significantly longer for Svalbard glaciers than for surge-type glaciers in other areas from which data are available. In Svalbard, the active phase may last from 3 to 10 years. By contrast, a surge duration of 1–2 years is more typical of ice masses in northwest North America, Iceland and the Pamirs. Ice velocities during the protracted active phase on Svalbard glaciers are considerably lower than those for many surge-type glaciers in these other regions. Mass is transferred down-glacier more slowly but over a considerably longer period. Svalbard surge-type glaciers do not exhibit the very abrupt termination of the active phase, over periods of a few days, observed for several Alaskan glaciers. The duration of the active phase in Svalbard is not dependent on parameters related to glacier size. The quiescent phase is also relatively long (50–500 years) for Svalbard ice masses. Detailed field monitoring of changing basal conditions through the surge cycle is required from surge-type glaciers in Svalbard in order to explain the significantly longer length of the active phase for glaciers in the archipelago, which may also typify other high polar ice masses. The finding that surge behaviour, in the form of active-phase duration, shows systematic differences between different regions and their environments has important implications for understanding the processes responsible for glacier surges.

scholarly journals SISTEMATIZAÇÃO DE UMA EXPERIÊNCIA AGROECOLÓGICA NO CERRADO BRASILEIRO: SUBSÍDIOS PARA O PLANEJAMENTO DE UNIDADES PRODUTIVAS DE BASES ECOLÓGICAS

Nativa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-581
Author(s):  
Isabel Corrêa Fontes Chagas de Oliveira ◽  
Renato Linhares De Assis ◽  
Adriana Maria de Aquino
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Midwest Region

Este estudo consiste na sistematização de uma experiência agroecológica a partir do ordenamento e síntese dos processos do seu uso e ocupação. A experiência iniciou em 1984, em unidade agroecológica pioneira, com características neorurais, na região Centro-oeste do Brasil. A pesquisa contou com entrevistas não estruturadas, levantamento de campo, pesquisa bibliográfica e documental (fotografias, revistas, jornais, imagens de satélite e fotografias aéreas). Utilizou-se a ferramenta Google Earth para avaliar o mosaico de agroecossistemas resultante da ação agroecológica no espaço e tempo. Os resultados apontaram uma dinâmica complexa do processo de construção de agroecossistemas e redes sociais, configurando-se num desenho agroecológico que ultrapassa as fronteiras físicas da propriedade. O processo de síntese e análise relatado, além de empoderar os protagonistas, traz a luz do conhecimento científico aprendizados de uma experiência empírica de um modo de vida integrado à natureza, com riqueza em variedade, diversidade e possibilidades nos processos biológicos, sociais, econômicos, éticos, morais e culturais, que pode inspirar e subsidiar outras iniciativas de base agroecológica. Palavras-chave: neoruralidade; gerenciamento agroecológico; redesenho da paisagem; agroecossistemas.   Systematization of an agroecological experience in the Brazilian Cerrado: subsidies for the planning of productive units of ecological bases   ABSTRACT: This study consists of the systematization of an agroecological experience from the ordering and synthesis of the processes of its use and occupation. The experience began in 1984, in a pioneering agroecological unit, with neorural characteristics, in the Midwest region of Brazil. The research included unstructured interviews, field surveys, bibliographic and documentary research (photographs, magazines, newspapers, satellite images, and aerial photographs). The Google Earth tool was used to evaluate the mosaic of agroecosystems resulting from agroecological action in space and time. The results pointed toward a complex dynamic of the construction process of agroecosystems and social networks, configuring itself in an agroecological design that goes beyond the physical boundaries of the property. The reported process of synthesis and analysis, in addition to empowering the protagonists, brings to light scientific knowledge learning from an empirical experience of a way of life integrated with nature, with a wealth of variety, diversity, and possibilities in biological, social, economic, ethical, moral and cultural processes, which can inspire and subsidize other agroecological initiatives. Keywords: neorurality; agroecological management; landscape redesign; agroecosystems.

What do long term field surveys tell us about the economic impacts of flooding on agricultural activities?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Bremond ◽  
Pierre Balzergue ◽  
Pauline Garcia ◽  
Loïc Kechichian ◽  
Nicolas Perret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Management ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
Market Gardening ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Term Field

<p>Estimating damage is crucial to evaluate flood management policies and to choose between different alternatives. In Cost-Benefit Analysis, the benefits of the policies are most of the time evaluated by avoided damage. One of the underlying assumptions of damage estimation is that the impacted assets come back quickly to their initial state, which justifies the assumption to focus on short term damage. So far, little research has questioned this assumption. However, recent work (Nortes Martinez, 2019) showed that flooding can critically disrupt farming systems in the long term. The vulnerability of agricultural activities to flooding has received so far less attention because they represent less damage proportionally compared to other economic sectors. However, better characterizing impacts on such assets is key to evaluating the efficiency and sustainability of flood management policies which relies on increasing exposure on agriculture. In this article, we propose to address the issue of long term field surveys to improve the assessment of flood-related damage to agricultural activities. To do so, we carried out interviews in 2015 with farmers impacted in 2014 by a flood, and which was repeated in 2019 and 2020. The case study is the “Étang de l’Or” watershed, located in the South of France in the Occitanie Region. It was impacted by an extreme flood in September 2014. 70 impacted farms were identified representing a total area of 3 044 ha of which 340 ha were affected. The main specialization of these farms were viticulture (27 farms) and market gardening and horticulture (27 farms). In 2015, a first round of surveys was carried out. A questionnaire aimed at having a global vision of the impacts on farms was used. 41 farms responded to the interviews (14 in viticulture and 16 in marketing gardening horticulture), which were carried out face-to-face. In 2019 and 2020, a second round of surveys was carried out with the farms specialised in viticulture and in market gardening and horticulture. A questionnaire was designed to investigate impacts that have occurred since 2014 as well as the potential adaptions implemented. 10 farms specialised in viticulture and 11 specialised in market gardening participated to the second round respectively 4 and 5 years after the first interviews. Long term surveys revealed that few biophysical impacts have persisted after the 2014 flood, for example long term loss of yield or impact on quality of the products. However, financial impacts were still present 5 years after: repayment of loans, replenishment of the cash fund. Although a full correlation cannot be established, some farms have gone bankrupt. In conclusion, we present methodological recommendations for the implementation of a long-term observation framework for flood impacts.</p>

The climate-triggered western shift of the confluence between the Dora Baltea and Po rivers (north-western Italy) during the late Holocene

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-444
Author(s):  
Carlo Giraudi
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Fluvial Terraces ◽  
Sediment Stratigraphy ◽  
North Western

The study on the migrations of the confluence between the rivers Po and Dora Baltea was based on a detailed observation of aerial photographs, field surveys and sediment stratigraphy. The age of the sediments and morphological features was based on radiocarbon datings, on the presence of archaeological settlements and ancient artefacts and on historical data. The aerial photographs of the GAI 1954 flight of the Italian Air Force were used because in the year 1954, some low terraces were still clearly visible, while today are almost completely obliterated because of the works for the improvement of the rice fields. A succession of nine fluvioglacial and fluvial terraces and many abandoned riverbeds have been identified: the interpretation of the morphological features made it possible to identify the Po and Dora Baltea evolution during the late Holocene. The study established that during the last 3000 years, the confluence of the Dora Baltea into the Po has constantly migrated to the west and that this migration occurred during alluvial phases dating back to the Iron Age, 2nd century BC–1st century AD, 5th century AD, 6th–8th century AD and 15th–19th century AD. The alluvial phases occurred during periods of increased floods in northern Italy and advances of the Alpine glaciers in northwestern Italy and Switzerland. Neither tectonic deformations nor anthropic actions seem to have influenced fluvial evolution in the last 3000 years. The westward migration of the confluence between the rivers was therefore triggered by climatic changes, but caused by the different responses of the catchments of the Dora Baltea and the Po rivers to climatic changes, and by the greater slope of the Dora Baltea flood plain.

scholarly journals Comparison between different approaches to modeling shallow landslide susceptibility: a case history in Oltrepo Pavese, Northern Italy

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zizioli ◽  
C. Meisina ◽  
R. Valentino ◽  
L. Montrasio
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Landslide ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Shallow Landslides ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Intense Rainfall ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Physically Based Models

Abstract. On the 27 and 28 April 2009, the area of Oltrepo Pavese in northern Italy was affected by a very intense rainfall event that caused a great number of shallow landslides. These instabilities occurred on slopes covered by vineyards or recently formed woodlands and caused damage to many roads and one human loss. Based on aerial photographs taken immediately after the event and field surveys, more than 1600 landslides were detected. After acquiring topographical data, geotechnical properties of the soils and land use, susceptibility analysis on a territorial scale was carried out. In particular, different physically based models were applied to two contiguous sites with the same geological context but different typologies and sizes of shallow landslides. This paper presents the comparison between the ex-post results obtained from the different approaches. On the basis of the observed landslide localizations, the accuracy of the different models was evaluated, and the significant results are highlighted.

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