Changes of Snow Characteristics During Snowmelt Period and Analysis of Influential Factors - Taking the Juntanghu Watershed in XinJiang as an Example

2012 ◽  
Vol 212-213 ◽  
pp. 395-398
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Zhi Hui Liu ◽  
Qiu Dong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Daily Variation ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Snowmelt Period ◽  
Acute Change ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
Snow Temperature

Take observational data of March 2011 of study area to analyze changes of snow characteristics during snowmelt period (SP), such as snow grain size (SGS), snow water content (SWC) and snow density (SDS), and to analyze the influential factors. The results show that: SGS decreased during SP, and increased from snow surface layer (SL) to snow bottom layer (BL). That related to the snow depth (SD) and snow temperature (ST). SWC has a sudden increase in late SP. It decreased from snow BL to SL during early and late SP. It has a big daily variation in SL and snow middle layer (ML). It changes hours later than the atmospheric temperature (AT). That related to SD, ST and daily AT. SDS value in SL is the biggest during early SP. It has acute change in SL and a big daily variation in BL .That related to snow age (SA).

scholarly journals High-Gain Vivaldi Antenna with Wide Bandwidth Characteristics for 5G Mobile and Ku-Band Radar Applications

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Raza Ullah ◽  
Sadiq Ullah ◽  
Farooq Faisal ◽  
Rizwan Ullah ◽  
Dong-you Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Radar Applications ◽  
Vivaldi Antenna ◽  
5G Mobile Communication ◽  
Element Array ◽  
Ku Band

In this paper, antipodal Vivaldi antenna is designed for 5th generation (5G) mobile communication and Ku-band applications. The proposed designed has three layers. The upper layer consists of eight-element array of split-shaped leaf structures, which is fed by a 1-to-8 power divider network. Middle layer is a substrate made of Rogers 5880. The bottom layer consists of truncated ground and shorter mirror-image split leaf structures. The overall size of the designed antenna is confined significantly to 33.31 × 54.96 × 0.787 (volume in mm3), which is equivalent to 2λo× 3.3λo× 0.05λo (λo is free-space wavelength at 18 GHz). Proposed eight elements antenna is multi-band in nature covering Ku-bands (14.44–20.98 GHz), two millimeter wave (mmW) bands i.e., 24.34–29 GHz and 33–40 GHz, which are candidate frequency bands for 5G communications. The Ku-Band is suitable for radar applications. Proposed eight elements antenna is very efficient and has stable gain for 5G mobile communication and Ku-band applications. The simulation results are experimentally validated by testing the fabricated prototypes of the proposed design.

Development of Intelligent Hierarchical Control for a Hydraulic Manipulator

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Rahbari ◽  
Clarence W. deSilva
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Pd Controller ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Hydraulic Actuator ◽  
Intelligent Controller ◽  
Hydraulic Manipulator ◽  
Input Response

Abstract This paper presents the development of a hierarchical intelligent controller for a hydraulic manipulator, which has been designed to be an integral part of an automated machine for mechanical processing of salmon. The developed controller for this hydraulic actuator is a three-layer hierarchical system. In the bottom layer of the hierarchy, a conventional proportional plus derivative (PD) controller is used to control the position of the cutting blade. The middle layer monitors the performance of the manipulator, preprocesses the response signals, and extracts the performance parameters, based on a step-input response. The top layer infers the tuning actions for the PD servo. The knowledge base for tuning the low level controller has been developed and represented by fuzzy rulesbase modules. The development of this hierarchical control system is discussed and some experimental results are given.

scholarly journals Study on Sewage Sludge Drying System With Built-in Solar Drying Bed

2021 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 01041
Author(s):  
Zhipan Gu ◽  
Jichun Yang ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Leren Tao ◽  
Ye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Radiation Heat Transfer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Mass Transfer Process ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Solar Drying ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Air Supply

In this paper, the renewable energy solar energy is used as the heat source. The combination of solar drying bed and traditional hot air drying can effectively reduce energy consumption and operation cost. The drying chamber is divided into three layers. The top air supply outlet supplies hot air, the middle layer places wet sludge, and the bottom layer uses hot water coil to dry the sludge. The whole drying process is a heat and mass transfer process with convective heat transfer and radiation heat transfer. After analysis and comparison with traditional energy drying, it is found that drying 97.5kg of sewage sludge will save 79% energy, save 12.84 kg of standard coal, reduce 32 kg of carbon dioxide and 1.284 kg of sulphur dioxide.

Application of an artificial intelligence algorithm model of memory retrieval and roaming in sorting Chinese medicinal materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Chengbing Tan ◽  
Qun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Memory Search ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Keyword Query ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Algorithm ◽  
Response Performance

In order to capture autobiographical memory, inspired by the development of human intelligence, a computational AM model for autobiographical memory is proposed in this paper, which is a three-layer network structure, in which the bottom layer encodes the event-specific knowledge comprising 5W1H, and provides retrieval clues to the middle layer, encodes the related events, and the top layer encodes the event set. According to the bottom-up memory search process, the corresponding events and event sets can be identified in the middle layer and the top layer respectively; At the same time, AM model can simulate human memory roaming through the process of rule-based memory retrieval. The computational AM model proposed in this paper not only has robust and flexible memory retrieval, but also has better response performance to noisy memory retrieval cues than the commonly used memory retrieval model based on keyword query method, and can also imitate the roaming phenomenon in memory.

Glucose sensor based on porous Ni by using a graphene bottom layer combined with a Ni middle layer

Carbon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 609-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaodi Ren ◽  
Haochao Mao ◽  
Haowen Luo ◽  
Yuanan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Sensor ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer

scholarly journals Laboratory Validation of Surface-Initiated Transverse Cracking of Asphalt Pavement

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Weiguang Zhang ◽  
Ali Raza Khan ◽  
Shihui Shen ◽  
Yingda Gao
Keyword(s):  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Reflective Cracking ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
Transverse Cracking ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Crack Type

Field pavement transverse cracking typically can be grouped into two categories, namely thermal cracking that initiates at the surface of the pavement and propagates downward, and reflective cracking that initiates at the pavement layer above the existing pavement cracks or joints and propagates upward. Recently, another transverse cracking phenomenon was noticed in some field investigations but was less studied. Cracks were observed from both the surface and the bottom of field cores, but they cannot be visually observed from the middle layer. In addition, the surface and the bottom cracks lined up well, showing the tendency of meeting each other. This study aimed to evaluate the causes of such transverse cracking phenomena by laboratory tests. Hamburg equipment was used as the evaluation equipment. Some samples were prepared with a saw cut notch 0.33 inches in depth and 0.25 inches in width, and some samples were prepared without the notch at the bottom. The results showed that such a crack type could have happened when samples are aged, the base below the sample is soft, and a notch exists in the bottom layer. A potential mechanism is when the wheel load moves on one side of the existing transverse cracking (the near side), as the specimen on this side tends to bend downward under the wheel load, especially when the support is relatively soft. If without constraint, the other side of the specimen (the far side) should consequently be tilted upward. However, the bonding with the base layer and the self-weight of the specimen restrict the upward movement of the far-side specimen. Therefore, the tensile stress at the surface of the specimen directly on top of the bottom crack is created. At the same time, the bottom crack has the potential of being squeezed and pushed together.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Maintenance Probability and Resurfacing Thickness Based on the Pavement Management System

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hongmei Li ◽  
Jiwang Jiang ◽  
Fujian Ni
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Pavement Management ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Pavement Management System

In order to investigate the key factors and analyze their effects on maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) strategies, data for 2495 pavement sections were collected from the pavement management system (PMS), including pavement performance data, traffic data, material property data, and M&R record data. Logistic regression was first employed to explore the influential factors on maintenance probability. Afterward, the classification tree model was established to find out the key factors on resurfacing thickness. Results showed that road sections with higher IRI, rutting depth (RD), deterioration rate of surface friction coefficient (DRSFC), pavement patching ratio (PPR), and transverse cracking severity index (TCSI) before treatment had significantly higher maintenance probability, which could be quantified by the developed logistic model. Moreover, treatments implemented on bridge decks tended to have greater resurfacing thickness. For pavement M&R projects, with the tensile strength ratio (TSR) of top layer materials higher than 88.7% and pretreatment SFC higher than 49, the resurfacing thickness would be thinner. For bridge M&R projects, middle layer TSR higher than 88.3% led to thinner overlays, and much thinner resurfacing thickness can be observed if pretreatment RD was less than 8.72 mm. When middle layer TSR was lower than 88.3% and pretreatment IRI was higher than 2.383 m/km with larger AESAL, the resurfacing thickness would probably be the thickest. The two models built in this paper provided probabilistic estimation of maintenance probability and explored key factors together with their critical split points for resurfacing thickness, which could be regarded as an alternative decision-making tool for pavement engineers.

Influence of Salinity on Distribution of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in Laohe Estuarine Wetland, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 1332-1336
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Jie Bai ◽  
Yang Guo Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Influence Factor ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Estuarine Wetland ◽  
Key Factor

Soil salinization in Laohe estuarine wetland is becoming more serious, thus the characteristics of AOB in different salt salinity have drawn more attention. Our study investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in different salinity soils in Laohe estuarine wetland. Results show that the largest amount of AOB appeared when salinity was 10g/kg, and decrease when salinity was higher (15g/kg, 20g/kg) or lower (2g/kg, 5g/kg). The distribution of AOB shows that the AOB amount is larger in surface layer (0-20cm) than middle layer (20-40cm) or the bottom layer (40-60cm); the AOB is more abundant in summer than autumn. Results indicate that salinity is a key factor on the AOB abundance, but not an influencer on the vertical and temporal distribution of AOB in estuarine wetland. Temperature and organic content are the related factors of the vertical distribution of AOB abundance, and the growth of reed is also an important influence factor on the variation of AOB during different seasons.

AN ISING INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO WALLS: COMPETITION BETWEEN TWO TENDENCIES

1996 ◽  
Vol 08 (05) ◽  
pp. 669-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. LEBOWITZ ◽  
A.E. MAZEL ◽  
YU. M. SUHOV
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Ising Model ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Spin System ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Ising Spin ◽  
Ising Spin System

We consider a ferromagnetic Ising spin system, consisting of m+1, d-dimensional, layers with “–” boundary condition on the bottom layer and “+” on the top layer. When β is larger than βcr, the inverse critical temperature for the d-dimensional Ising model, the interface generated by the boundary conditions is expected to be halfway between bottom and top, for m odd, and just above or below the middle layer, for m even (each possibility with probability [Formula: see text]). In this paper, we prove the above assertion under the condition that β≥const . m and partly for β>βcr.

scholarly journals Studi Perencanaan Perkerasan Lentur Dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya (Pada Proyek Ruas Jalan Karangtalun – Kalidawir Kabupaten Tulungagung)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Henny Prasetiyo ◽  
Yosef Cahyo Setianto Poernomo ◽  
Agata Iwan Candra
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Manual Method ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Road pavement is a major component in supporting the smooth running of land transportation so that it can be accessed comfortably and safely by road users. Road pavement, according to its type, is divided into three types, namely flexible pavement, rigid pavement, and composite pavement. On flexible pavements, there are several methods used to determine the thickness of the pavement in the initial plan. The method used as a reference is the 2017 Design Manual Method, and the calculation of the RAB refers to the Basic Unit Price Analysis in 2019. This study aims to obtain good quality flexible pavement but at a low cost in terms of the 2017 Design Manual method and analysis calculations and The price of the basic unit (RAB) in 2019. From the calculation of the pavement thickness of each layer, namely the top layer of 5 cm, the middle layer of 20 cm, and the bottom layer of 15 cm, it is known that the cost required to carry out the construction of the pavement is Rp. 73,342,707,500.00.Perkerasan jalan adalah komponen utama dalam menunjang lancarnya suatu transportasi darat, sehingga jalan dapat diakses dengan mudah, nyaman dan aman oleh pengguna jalan. Perkerasan jalan menurut jenisnya dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu perkerasan lentur, perkerasan kaku dan perkerasan komposit. Pada perkerasan lentur terdapat beberapa metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan tebal perkerasan perencanaan awal. Adapun metode yang dipakai sebagai acuan adalah Metode Manual Desain 2017 serta perhitungan RAB mengacu dengan Analisa Harga Satuan Dasar pada tahun 2019. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan mutu perkerasan lentur yang baik tetapi dengan biaya yang murah ditinjau dari metode Manual Desain 2017 serta perhitungan Analisa Harga Satuan Dasar (RAB) pada tahun 2019. Dari hasil perhitungan tebal perkerasan masing-masing lapisan yaitu lapis atas 5 cm, lapis tengah 20 cm, dan lapis bawah 15 cm diketahui biaya yang diperlukan guna melaksanakan pembangunan perkerasan jalan tersebut sebesar Rp. 73.342.707.500,00.

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