Automated Detections of Carcinogenic Compounds in Estuaries: A Short Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 885-890
Author(s):  
Teh Sabariah Abd Manan ◽  
Amirhossein Malakahmad
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Optical Sensor ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Automated Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Photoelectrochemical Sensor ◽  
Rivers And Lakes ◽  
History Of

Cancer accounted around 13% of all deaths in 2008. About 70% of all cancer deaths occurred in low and middle income countries. Deaths from cancer worldwide are projected to continue to rise to over 13.1 million in 2030. Previous reports indicated that reservoir such as rivers and lakes contain various carcinogenic compounds. The carcinogens are being transported from the release points to the intake points. To avoid this phenomenon happen, the fast and accurate detection of carcinogens concentrations in water is crucial. This review presents automated detection methods of carcinogenic compounds in watercourses. Automated detections, particularly the application of sensors, have a relatively higher speed and sensitivity compared to chemical and biological approaches. However, sensors application limits on its functions. This review gives a description on the history of automated detections and various types of sensors such as automated optical sensor, submersible ultraviolet fluorometer sensor, photoelectrochemical sensor with the detection of DNA damage and trihalomethanes (THMs) sensor for detection of carcinogenic compounds. Sensors are varied according to specific types of carcinogens.

scholarly journals Prevalence of MDR organism (MDRO) carriage in children and their household members in Siem Reap Province, Cambodia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta R Singh ◽  
Bunsoth Mao ◽  
Konstantin Evdokimov ◽  
Pisey Tan ◽  
Phana Leab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Final Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Siem Reap ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background The rising incidence of infections caused by MDR organisms (MDROs) poses a significant public health threat. However, little has been reported regarding community MDRO carriage in low- and middle-income countries. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in Siem Reap, Cambodia comparing hospital-associated households, in which an index child (age: 2–14 years) had been hospitalized for at least 48 h in the preceding 2–4 weeks, with matched community households on the same street, in which no other child had a recent history of hospitalization. Participants were interviewed using a survey questionnaire and tested for carriage of MRSA, ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) by culture followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing. We used logistic regression analysis to analyse associations between collected variables and MDRO carriage. Results Forty-two pairs of households including 376 participants with 376 nasal swabs and 290 stool specimens were included in final analysis. MRSA was isolated from 26 specimens (6.9%). ESBL-producing Escherichia coli was detected in 269 specimens (92.8%) whereas ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from 128 specimens (44.1%), of which 123 (42.4%) were co-colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli. Six (2.1%) specimens tested positive for CPE (4 E. coli and 2 K. pneumoniae). The prevalence ratios for MRSA, ESBL-producing E. coli and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae carriage did not differ significantly in hospital-associated households and hospitalized children compared with their counterparts. Conclusions The high prevalence of ESBL-E across both household types suggests that MDRO reservoirs are common in the community. Ongoing genomic analyses will help to understand the epidemiology and course of MDRO spread.

scholarly journals Modelling the COVID-19 pandemic in context: an international participatory approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. e003126
Author(s):  
Ricardo Aguas ◽  
Lisa White ◽  
Nathaniel Hupert ◽  
Rima Shretta ◽  
Wirichada Pan-Ngum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Participatory Approach ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on multiple levels of society. Not only has the pandemic completely overwhelmed some health systems but it has also changed how scientific evidence is shared and increased the pace at which such evidence is published and consumed, by scientists, policymakers and the wider public. More significantly, the pandemic has created tremendous challenges for decision-makers, who have had to implement highly disruptive containment measures with very little empirical scientific evidence to support their decision-making process. Given this lack of data, predictive mathematical models have played an increasingly prominent role. In high-income countries, there is a long-standing history of established research groups advising policymakers, whereas a general lack of translational capacity has meant that mathematical models frequently remain inaccessible to policymakers in low-income and middle-income countries. Here, we describe a participatory approach to modelling that aims to circumvent this gap. Our approach involved the creation of an international group of infectious disease modellers and other public health experts, which culminated in the establishment of the COVID-19 Modelling (CoMo) Consortium. Here, we describe how the consortium was formed, the way it functions, the mathematical model used and, crucially, the high degree of engagement fostered between CoMo Consortium members and their respective local policymakers and ministries of health.

The importance of trials for global mental health

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Thornicroft ◽  
Vikram Patel
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Global Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Research ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Continuum ◽  
Key Terms

This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole by defining key terms, giving a brief history of randomized controlled trails (RCTs) in mental health research, explaining why RCTs can produce strong forms of evidence, and by locating trials within the translational research continuum. The authors describe criteria with which to judge the quality of pragmatic RCTs. Finally the authors discuss how the results of trials can be used to inform policy, investment, and service delivery decisions in low and middle income countries.

scholarly journals Addressing the Linkages between Gender and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanu Priya Uteng ◽  
Jeff Turner
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Research And Policy ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) specifies gender equality and sustainable development as their two central priorities. An area of critical importance for sustainable and gender-fair development is mobility and transport, which has so far been neglected and downplayed in research and policy making both at the national and global levels. Rooted in the history of the topic and the emerging ideas on smart, green and integrated transport, this paper presents a literature review of on gender and transport in the low- and middle-income countries. The paper presents a host of cross-cutting topics with a concentrated focus on spatial and transport planning. The paper further identifies existing research gaps and comments on the new conceptualizations on smart cities and smart mobilities in the Global South. Due attention is paid to intersections and synergies that can be created between different development sectors, emerging transport modes, data and modeling exercises, gender equality and sustainability.

scholarly journals Urbanization and Waterborne Pathogen Emergence in Low-Income Countries: Where and How to Conduct Surveys?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bastaraud ◽  
Philippe Cecchi ◽  
Pascal Handschumacher ◽  
Mathias Altmann ◽  
Ronan Jambou
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Waterborne Pathogen ◽  
Middle Income Countries

A major forthcoming sanitary issue concerns the apparition and spreading of drug-resistant microorganisms, potentially threatening millions of humans. In low-income countries, polluted urban runoff and open sewage channels are major sources of microbes. These microbes join natural microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems already impacted by various chemicals, including antibiotics. These composite microbial communities must adapt to survive in such hostile conditions, sometimes promoting the selection of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains by gene transfer. The low probability of exchanges between planktonic microorganisms within the water column may be significantly improved if their contact was facilitated by particular meeting places. This could be specifically the case within biofilms that develop on the surface of the myriads of floating macroplastics increasingly polluting urban tropical surface waters. Moreover, as uncultivable bacterial strains could be involved, analyses of the microbial communities in their whole have to be performed. This means that new-omic technologies must be routinely implemented in low- and middle-income countries to detect the appearance of resistance genes in microbial ecosystems, especially when considering the new ‘plastic context.’ We summarize the related current knowledge in this short review paper to anticipate new strategies for monitoring and surveying microbial communities.

scholarly journals Hypothesis: social defeat is a risk factor for schizophrenia?

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (S51) ◽  
pp. s9-s12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Selten ◽  
Elizabeth Cantor-Graae
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Defeat ◽  
Hearing Impairments ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Mesolimbic Dopamine System ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Baseline Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Iq ◽  
Neuroreceptor Imaging

SummaryThe increased schizophrenia risks for residents of cities with high levels of competition and for members of disadvantaged groups (for example migrants from low- and middle-income countries, people with low IQ, hearing impairments or a history of abuse) suggest that social factors are important for aetiology. Dopaminergic dysfunctioning is a key mechanism in pathogenesis. This editorial is a selective literature review to delineate a mechanism whereby social factors can disturb dopamine function in the brain. Experiments with rodents have shown that social defeat leads to dopaminergic hyperactivity and to behavioural sensitisation, whereby the animal displays an enhanced behavioural and dopamine response to dopamine agonists. Neuroreceptor imaging studies have demonstrated the same phenomena in patients with schizophrenia who had never received antipsychotics. In humans, the chronic experience of social defeat may lead to sensitisation (and/or increased baseline activity) of the mesolimbic dopamine system and thereby increase the risk for schizophrenia

scholarly journals The burden of non-TB lung disease presenting to TB clinics in The Gambia: preliminary data in the Xpert® MTB/Rif era

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-168
Author(s):  
S. Jayasooriya ◽  
A. Jobe ◽  
S. Badjie ◽  
O. Owolabi ◽  
A. Rachow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Health Service Provision ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Negative Sputum ◽  
Lost To Follow Up ◽  
Hiv 1

In some low and middle-income countries, 10–20% of patients presenting with a persistent cough have tuberculosis (TB). Once TB is excluded, health service provision for alternative diagnoses is limited. We prospectively studied patients with two Xpert-negative sputum results presenting to a TB clinic in The Gambia. Of 239 patients, 108 did not have TB; 65/102 (6 were lost to follow-up) had alternative diagnoses, 24.6% of which were non-respiratory; 37/102 had no diagnosis, 27.0% of whom were HIV-1-positive; 37.8% had a history of TB and 24.3% smoked. We highlight the need for general health service integration with TB platforms and exploration of non-TB patients with chronic respiratory symptoms.

scholarly journals Association of maternal history of neonatal death with subsequent neonatal death across 56 low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihui Li ◽  
Mudit Kapoor ◽  
Rockli Kim ◽  
S. V. Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Death ◽  
Maternal History ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractEarly identification of high-risk pregnancies can reduce global neonatal mortality rate. Using the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys from 56 low- and middle-income countries, we examined the proportion of mothers with history of neonatal deaths. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between maternal history of neonatal death and subsequent neonatal mortality. The adjusted models controlled for socioeconomic, child, and pregnancy-related factors. Country-specific analyses were performed to assess heterogeneity in this association across countries. Among the 437,049 live births included in the study, 6910 resulted in neonatal deaths. In general, 22.4% (1549) occurred to mothers with previous history of neonatal death; at the country-level, this proportion ranged from 1.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0, 2.6) in Dominican Republic to 38.1% (95% CI 26.0, 50.1) in Niger. Maternal history of neonatal death was significantly associated with subsequent neonatal death in both the pooled and the subgroup analyses. In the fully adjusted model, history of neonatal death was associated with 2.1 (95% CI 1.9, 2.4) times higher odds of subsequent neonatal mortality in the pooled analysis. We observed large variation in the associations across countries ranging from fully adjusted odds ratio (FAOR) of 0.4 (95% CI 0.0, 4.0) in Dominican Republic to 16.1 (95% CI 3.6, 42.0) in South Africa. Our study suggests that maternal history of neonatal death could be an effective early identifier of high-risk pregnancies in resource-poor countries. However, country-specific contexts must be considered in national policy discussions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document