Review of Laser Ignition for Methane-Air Mixtures

2015 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 592-596
Author(s):  
Hong Tao Wang ◽  
Cang Su Xu
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Ignition System ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Induced Ignition ◽  
Ignition And Combustion ◽  
Promising Development

Reducing vehicle pollutant emissions and fuel consumption is becoming more and more important challenges, while lean-burning are a promising development. However, lean-burning may leads to other problems including combustion instability and incomplete combustion. Recently, laser ignition system has become an attractive field of research in order to replace the conventional spark plug ignition systems in the internal combustion engines to solve problem above. Moreover, methane was regarded as very promising fuel. Therefore, the objective of this article is to review the ignition and combustion characteristics of methane-air mixtures by laser-induced ignition.

Development of an Open Path Laser Ignition System for a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine: Part 1 — System Design

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Ahrens ◽  
Azer P. Yalin ◽  
Daniel B. Olsen ◽  
Gi-Heon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Electrode Erosion ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Ignition System ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Natural Gas Engine ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Engine Part ◽  
Beam Delivery

Using a laser, as opposed to a conventional (electrical) spark plug, to create a combustion initiating spark is potentially advantageous for several reasons: flexibility in choosing and optimizing the spark location, in particular to move the spark away from solid heat sinks; production of a more robust spark containing more energy; and obviation of electrode erosion problems. These advantages may lead to an extension of the lean limit, an increase in engine thermal efficiency, and the concomitant benefits of reduced pollutant emissions. This paper presents the design of a laser ignition system appropriate for a large bore natural gas engine. Design considerations include: optimization of spark location, design of beam delivery system and optical plug, and mitigation of vibration and thermal effects. Engine test results will be presented in the second paper of this two-paper series.

Experimental Study on Laser-Induced Ignition of Swirl-Stabilized Kerosene Flames

2008 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus G. Moesl ◽  
Klaus G. Vollmer ◽  
Thomas Sattelmayer ◽  
Johannes Eckstein ◽  
Herbert Kopecek
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Parametric Testing ◽  
Induced Ignition ◽  
Ignition Kernel

Conventional ignition systems of aeroengines are an integral part of the combustion chamber’s structure. Due to this hardware-related constraint, the ignition spark has to be generated in the quench zone of the combustion chamber, which is far from the optimum regarding thermo- and aerodynamics. An improved ignitability of the fuel-air mixture can be found in the central zone of the combustor, where higher local equivalence ratios prevail and where mixing is favorable for a smooth ignition. It would be a major advancement in aeroengine design to position the ignition kernel in these zones. A laser system is able to ignite the fuel-air mixture at almost any location inside of the combustion chamber. Commercial laser systems are under development, which can replace conventional spark plugs in internal combustion engines and gas turbines. This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of laser ignition in liquid-fueled aeroengines. Ignition tests were performed with premixed natural gas and kerosene to evaluate the different approaches of laser and spark plug ignition. The experiments were carried out on a generic test rig with a well-investigated swirler, allowing sufficient operational flexibility for parametric testing. The possibility of the free choice of the laser’s focal point is the main advantage of laser-induced ignition. Placing the ignition kernel at the spray cone’s shear layer or at favorable locations in the recirculation zone could significantly increase the ignitability of the system. Consequently, the laser ignition of atomized kerosene was successfully tested down to a global equivalence ratio of 0.23. Furthermore, the laser outperformed the spark plug at ignition locations below axial distances of 50 mm from the spray nozzle.

scholarly journals Impact of a locomotive engine modernization on fuel consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 338 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Maciej Andrzejewski ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz ◽  
Patryk Urbański ◽  
Łukasz Rymaniak ◽  
Aleksandra Woch
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Drive Unit ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Locomotive Engine

Vehicles used in rail transport are characterized by a long service life, which is caused, among others, by the high cost of their purchase. In Poland, the average age of freight diesel locomotives exceeds 40 years. Increasing the wear and tear of vehicles has an impact on many aspects of machine operation, including environmental pollution. Significant wear and degradation of the powertrain components contributes to the increase in pollutant emissions and fuel consumption, which is closely correlated with the production of carbon dioxide. Modernizations involving the replacement of the drive unit are performed in order to reduce the negative impact of rail vehicles on the environment. The article compares the energy consumption of the ST44 locomotive prior to and after modernization. The older 14D40 two-stroke internal combustion engines were replaced with a more modern engine unit 12CzN26/26. Fuel consumption tests were carried out on a test bench using a OW6300 water resistor.

Transportation of megawatt millijoule laser pulses via optical fibers?

Open Physics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Tauer ◽  
Heinrich Kofler ◽  
Elisabeth Schwarz ◽  
Ernst Wintner
Keyword(s):  
Laser Beam ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pulsed Laser ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Future Concepts ◽  
Pulsed Laser Beam

AbstractLaser ignition is considered to be one of the most promising future concepts for internal combustion engines. It combines the legally required reduction of pollutant emissions and higher engine efficiencies. The igniting plasma is generated by a focused pulsed laser beam. Having pulse durations of a few nanoseconds, the pulse energy E p for reliable ignition amounts to the order of 10 mJ. Different methods of laser ignition with an emphasis on fiber-based systems will be discussed and evaluated.

Experimental Study on Laser-Induced Ignition of Swirl-Stabilized Kerosene Flames

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus G. Moesl ◽  
Klaus G. Vollmer ◽  
Thomas Sattelmayer ◽  
Johannes Eckstein ◽  
Herbert Kopecek
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Parametric Testing ◽  
Aero Engines ◽  
Induced Ignition ◽  
Ignition Kernel

Conventional ignition systems of aero-engines are an integral part of the combustion chamber’s structure. Due to this hardware-related constraint, the ignition spark has to be generated in the quench zone of the combustion chamber, which is far from the optimum regarding thermo- and aerodynamics. An improved ignitability of the fuel-air mixture can be found in the central zone of the combustor, where higher local equivalence ratios prevail and where mixing is favorable for a smooth ignition. It would be a major advancement in aero-engine design to position the ignition kernel in these zones. A laser system is able to ignite the fuel-air mixture at almost any location inside of the combustion chamber. Commercial laser systems are under development, which can replace conventional spark plugs in internal combustion engines and gas turbines. This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of laser ignition in liquid-fueled aero-engines. Ignition tests were performed with premixed natural gas and kerosene to evaluate the different approaches of laser and spark plug ignition. The experiments were carried out on a generic test rig with a well-investigated swirler, allowing sufficient operational flexibility for parametric testing. The possibility of the free choice of the laser’s focal point is the main advantage of laser-induced ignition. Placing the ignition kernel at the spray cone’s shear layer or at favorable locations in the recirculation zone could significantly increase the ignitability of the system. Consequently, the laser ignition of atomized kerosene was successfully tested down to a global equivalence ratio of 0.23. Furthermore, the laser outperformed the spark plug at ignition locations below axial distances of 50 mm from the spray nozzle.

DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION IN USE OF FUEL WITH ADDITIVES

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Petar Kazakov ◽  
Atanas Iliev ◽  
Emil Marinov
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Positive Effects

Over the decades, more attention has been paid to emissions from the means of transport and the use of different fuels and combustion fuels for the operation of internal combustion engines than on fuel consumption. This, in turn, enables research into products that are said to reduce fuel consumption. The report summarizes four studies of fuel-related innovation products. The studies covered by this report are conducted with diesel fuel and usually contain diesel fuel and three additives for it. Manufacturers of additives are based on already existing studies showing a 10-30% reduction in fuel consumption. Comparative experimental studies related to the use of commercially available diesel fuel with and without the use of additives have been performed in laboratory conditions. The studies were carried out on a stationary diesel engine СМД-17КН equipped with brake КИ1368В. Repeated results were recorded, but they did not confirm the significant positive effect of additives on specific fuel consumption. In some cases, the factors affecting errors in this type of research on the effectiveness of fuel additives for commercial purposes are considered. The reasons for the positive effects of such use of additives in certain engine operating modes are also clarified.

https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44369782&pf=1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
QI CHEN ◽  
◽  
JINTAO SUN ◽  
JIANYU LIU ◽  
BAOMING ZHAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Nonequilibrium Plasma ◽  
Combustible Mixture ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Chemistry ◽  
Microwave Radio ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
Ignition And Combustion

Plasma-assisted ignition and combustion, widely applied in gas turbines, scramjets, and internal combustion engines, has been considered as a promising technique in shortening ignition delay time, improving combustion energy efficiency, and reducing emission. Nonequilibrium plasma can excite the gas molecules to higher energy states, directly dissociate or ionize the molecules and, thereby, has the potential to produce reactive species at residence time and location in a combustible mixture and then to efficiently accelerate the overall pyrolysis, oxidation, and ignition. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of plasma-assisted combustion by using direct current, alternating currant, microwave, radio frequency, and pulsed nanosecond discharge (NSD). Due to the complicated interaction between plasma and combustion in different types of plasma, detailed plasma-combustion chemistry is still not well understood.

A phenomenological model for the description of unburned hydrocarbons emission in ultra-lean engines

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110050
Author(s):  
Enrica Malfi ◽  
Vincenzo De Bellis ◽  
Fabio Bozza ◽  
Alberto Cafari ◽  
Gennaro Caputo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Nitric Oxides ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Fuel Charge ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbons ◽  
Model Reliability

The adoption of lean-burn concepts for internal combustion engines working with a homogenous air/fuel charge is under development as a path to simultaneously improve thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, nitric oxides, and carbon monoxide emissions. This technology may lead to a relevant emission of unburned hydrocarbons (uHC) compared to a stoichiometric engine. The uHC sources are various and the relative importance varies according to fuel characteristics, engine operating point, and some geometrical details of the combustion chamber. This concern becomes even more relevant in the case of engines supplied with natural gas since the methane has a global warming potential much greater than the other major pollutant emissions. In this work, a simulation model describing the main mechanisms for uHC formation is proposed. The model describes uHC production from crevices and flame wall quenching, also considering the post-oxidation. The uHC model is implemented in commercial software (GT-Power) under the form of “user routine”. It is validated with reference to two large bore engines, whose bores are 31 and 46 cm (engines named accordingly W31 and W46). Both engines are fueled with natural gas and operated with lean mixtures (λ > 2), but with different ignition modalities (pre-chamber device or dual fuel mode). The engines under study are preliminarily schematized in the 1D simulation tool. The consistency of 1D engine schematizations is verified against the experimental data of BMEP, air flow rate, and turbocharger rotational speed over a load sweep. Then, the uHC model is validated against the engine-out measurements. The averaged uHC predictions highlight an average error of 7% and 10 % for W31 and W46 engines, respectively. The uHC model reliability is evidenced by the lack of need for a case-dependent adjustment of its tuning constants, also in presence of relevant variations of both engine load and ring pack design.

Design and Operation of a Hybrid CCHP System Including PV-Wind Devices

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Wang ◽  
J. Y. Wu ◽  
C. Y. Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Wind System ◽  
Fuel Price

CCHP systems based on internal combustion engines have been widely accepted as efficient distributed energy resources systems. CCHP systems can be efficient mainly because that the waste heat of engines can be recovered and used. If the waste heat is not used, CCHP systems may not be beneficial choices. PV-wind systems can generate electricity without fuel consumption, but the electric output depends on the weather, which is not reliable. A PV-wind system can be integrated into a CCHP system to form a higher efficient energy system. Actually, a hybrid energy system based on PV-wind devices and internal combustion engines has been studied by many researchers. But the waste heat of the engine is seldom considered in the previous work. Researches show that, 20∼30% energy can be converted into electricity by a small size engine while more than 70% is released. If the waste heat is not recovered, the system cannot reach a high efficiency. This work aims to analyze a hybrid CCHP system with PV-wind devices. Internal combustion engines are the prime movers whose waste heat is recovered for house heating or driving absorption chillers. PV-wind devices are added to reduce the fuel consumption and total cost. The optimal design method and optimal operation strategy are proposed basing on hourly analyses. Influences of the device cost and fuel price on the optimal dispatch strategies are discussed. Results show that all of the excess energy from the PV-wind system is not worth being stored by the battery. The hybrid CCHP system can be more economical and higher efficient in the studied case.

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