Effects of Exogenous Ethylene on AC and Rin Tomato Fruit

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 677-680
Author(s):  
Ling Li ◽  
Hai Xue Liu ◽  
Yong Bo Peng ◽  
Shi Li ◽  
Tie Ling Liu
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
Production Increase ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

The flesh firmness of AC andrinmutant tomato fruits picked freshly were the largest. Respiration rate and ethylene production were very low at this time. With ethylene production increase, fruit firmness began to decline. 100μL/L ethephon significantly increased AC tomato fruit ethylene release, respiration rate, ACS activity and ACO activity, and decreased flesh firmness. However, there were no significant differences inrinmutant between control and ethephon treatment. It was shown RIN transcription factor regulated ethylene biosynthesis by ACC synthase and ACC oxidase.

scholarly journals Physiological and Molecular Characterization of the Response to Ethylene during Senescence of Carnation Genotypic Variants

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Woodson ◽  
Shimon Mayak ◽  
Haim Rabinowitch
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers is associated with increased production of the phytohormone ethylene, which in turn serves to initiate and regulate the processes involved in programmed petal death. We investigated the regulation of ethylene production and petal senescence in carnation. Several carnation genotypes were identified that exhibited extended vase-life in comparison to flowers from typical commercial cultivars. The capacity of these genotypes to produce ethylene during postharvest vase-life and to respond to exogenous ethylene was investigated. Several genotypes, represented by 'Sandrosa' and 87-37G produced little ethylene durig their postharvest vase-life and as a result failed to exhibit the symptoms (in-rolling and wilting) typical of flowers producing elevated levels of ethylene. These genotypes were further separated by their capacity to respond to exogenous ethylene by both increased ethylene synthesis and premature petal senescence. In one case a genotype (799) was identified that was not capable of responding to exogenous ethylene by either increased ethylene production or premature petal senescence. The regulation of ethylene production during petal senescence was investigated both at the enzyme and gene levels. A full length cDNA was identified for the petal senescence-related ACC synthase gene. Utilizing this, and other ethylene biosynthetic pathway cDNA probes, an increase in both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNAs were detected following ethylene treatment. An increase in ACC oxidase mRNA and enzyme activity was detected within 2-3 h following ethylene treatment, indicating the expression of this gene is an early response to ethylene. An investigation into the expression of novel proteins during petal senescence revealed a number of polypeptides increased in abundance and possibly play a role in the regulation or biochemical processes of senescence. One polypeptide of 70 kDa was identified as being encoded by the previously characterized gene SR12 and possibly represents a b-galactosidase involved in the remobilization of carbohydrates during senescence.

scholarly journals ETHANOL AND NITRIC OXIDE IN QUALITY MAINTENANCE OF ‘GALAXY’ APPLES STORED UNDER CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
AURI BRACKMANN ◽  
VAGNER LUDWIG ◽  
FABIO RODRIGO THEWES ◽  
ROGERIO OLIVEIRA ANESE ◽  
ERANI ELISEU SCHULTZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Oxidase Enzyme

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of ethanol and two nitric oxide dose applications on the maintenance of the post-storage quality of ‘Galaxy’ apple during storage under controlled atmosphere (CA). Treatments evaluated were: [1] 1.2 kPa O2 + 2.0 kPa CO2; [2] CA + 20 µL L-1 of nitric oxide, [3] CA + 40 µL L-1 of nitric oxide; [4] CA + 1 ml of ethanol kg-1 fruit. Fruits received treatments before storage and were kept under CA during eight months and seven days of storage at 20 °C. Fruits had been kept on CA for eight months and seven days at 20° C. Fruits treated with ethanol showed higher ethylene production, low flesh firmness, high flesh breakdown, mealiness and acetaldehyde production. Fruits treated with 40 µL L-1 nitric oxide showed lower ethylene production, respiration rate and ACC oxidase ( (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) oxidase enzyme activity. Apples treated with 20 uL L-1 nitric oxide showed higher ethylene production, respiration rate, internal ethylene concentration CO2 and ethanol concentration. Ethanol and nitric oxide application before storage have no benefits in maintaining fruit quality after storage under CA due to lower flesh firmness, higher mealiness incidence, flesh breakdown and decay incidence.

scholarly journals Influence of Short-term Treatment with High CO2 and N2 on Ethylene Biosynthesis in Tomato Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-104
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Terai ◽  
Hironobu Tsuchida ◽  
Masashi Mizuno ◽  
Noriyoshi Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Acc Content

Tomato fruit were given a short-term (24 h) high CO2 (80%) or N2 (100%) treatment and then transferred to air storage at 20 °C. The CO2 treatment stimulated ACC oxidase activity and ethylene production, whereas the N2 treatment increased ACC content but did not increase ethylene production. Both CO2, and N2 treatments delayed ripening for one day, but fruit ripened normally. Although short-term 80% CO2, had a stimulating effect, and 100 % N2 had no effect on ethylene production, ripening was delayed slightly by both treatments. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

Nitrate increases ethylene production and aerenchyma formation in roots of lowland rice plants under water stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuimin Gao ◽  
Lei Ding ◽  
Yingrui Li ◽  
Yupei Chen ◽  
Jingwen Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Root Cortical Aerenchyma

Ethylene increases root cortical aerenchyma formation in maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and other species. To further investigate the effects of nitrate, ammonium and water stress on ethylene production and aerenchyma formation in roots, two lowland rice cultivars (Shanyou 63, hybrid indica, and Yangdao 6, inbred indica) were cultured hydroponically with 10% (w/v) polyethylene glycol to simulate water stress. Water stress decreased shoot biomass, stomatal conductivity and leaf water potential in cultivars fed with nitrate but not with ammonium. Water stress induced more aerenchyma formation in cultivars fed with nitrate rather than ammonium, and increased cortical aerenchyma was found in Yangdao 6. Endogenous ethylene production by roots increased significantly under water stress in plants fed with nitrate rather than ammonium. Exogenous ethylene stimulated root cortical aerenchyma formation. Expression of the ethylene biosynthesis gene 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS5) was greater in roots fed with nitrate rather than ammonium in the presence and absence of water stress. The expression of ethylene signalling pathway genes involved in programmed cell death (lesion-simulating disease (L.S.D.)1.1 and L.S.D.2; enhanced disease susceptibility (EDS) and phytoalexin-deficient (PAD4)) were regulated by the N form and water stress. In plants of cultivars fed with ammonium, L.S.D.1.1 expression increased under water stress, whereas L.S.D.2, EDS and PAD4 expression decreased. In conclusion, nitrate increases ethylene production and cortical aerenchyma formation in roots of water-stressed lowland rice. However, ammonium increased L.S.D.1.1 expression in water-stressed roots, and decreased ACS5, EDS and PAD4 expression, which would inhibit ethylene production and aerenchyma formation.

scholarly journals Volatile Ester Suppression and Recovery following 1-Methylcyclopropene Application to Apple Fruit

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Ferenczi ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Meisheng Tian ◽  
Konstantinos Vlachonasios ◽  
David Dilley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Ester Formation ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Alcohol Acyltransferase ◽  
Ester Biosynthesis ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

The effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on biosynthesis of volatiles and fruit ripening in apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) was investigated using `Golden Delicious', `Jonagold', and `Redchief Delicious' fruit. Application of 1-MCP to `Golden Delicious' at the preclimacteric stage effectively inhibited ripening as determined by decreased expression of genes for 1-amino-1-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (ACO), and ACC synthase, ACO protein content, climacteric ethylene production, respiration, and volatile ester biosynthesis. Exogenous ethylene applied after 1-MCP treatment did not induce ethylene production, respiration, or volatile production. Activity for alcohol acyltransferase, which catalyzes the final step in ester formation, was demonstrable for 1-MCP-treated fruit, indicating no strict limitation on ester formation is imposed by this enzyme and that ester formation in 1-MCP-treated apple fruit is at least partially limited by reduced substrate synthesis. Once volatile ester formation had been suppressed by 1-MCP, the recovery of volatile synthesis required ≈3 weeks for `Jonagold' and 4 weeks for `Delicious' when held in air at 22 °C. For the first 2 months of storage at 0 °C in air, `Jonagold' and `Delicious' required ≈3 weeks holding at 22 °C for volatile biosynthesis to initiate; after 5 months in refrigerated storage, volatile formation was evident at the time of removal from cold storage. For `Jonagold' fruit held in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage for 2, 5, and 7 months at 0 °C, at least 3 weeks holding at 22 °C were required for volatile formation to begin to recover. The maximal amount of volatile formation was reduced 50% by 1-MCP relative to nontreated control fruit. CA storage had a similar impact on maximal volatile formation. The marketing of 1-MCP-treated fruit soon after treatment might result in the delivery of fruit to the consumer with little likelihood of recovery of volatile ester formation prior to consumption.

Ripening-Associated Microstructural Changes in Antisense ACC Synthase Tomato Fruit

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Sozzi ◽  
A. A. Fraschina ◽  
M. A. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
High Electron ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Transgenic Tomatoes

The ultrastructural impact of low ethylene biosynthesis (less than 0.5% of normal levels) was evaluated in transgenic (A11.1) tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) expressing an antisense 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACC-S) transgene by means of transmission and environmental scanning electron microscopy. In 48-day mature green fruit, no significant ultrastructural differences were found between transgenic and control tomatoes. In 78-day control fruit, which were overripe and showed deteriorated texture, many areas of the cytoplasm were devoid of structures, and micrographs showed cell collapse with folding and dissolution of the cell wall. On the other hand, in 90-day transgenic fruit, which were firm and not ripe, the cytoplasm showed a relatively high electron density. Plastids retained remnants of chloroplast thylakoids along with significant amounts of osmiophylic plastoglobuli, but lycopene was not detected. Conspicuous starch granules were observed in mature green transgenic tomatoes, but were not detected in 90-day chlorochromoplasts. Electron-dense regions reflecting the integrity of the middle lamella alternated with other partially degraded regions. This incipient dissolution of the middle lamella pectic polymers may be attributable to nonenzymatic deaggregation or to cell-wall hydrolases which could be ethylene independent or responsive to very low levels of ethylene. Besides, cells were attached along extended contact areas and appeared turgid. This feature may provide an explanation of firmness retention that does not solely involve cell walls. Disruption of the middle lamella and development of lycopene crystalloids were observed when exogenous ethylene (12 ppm) was applied.

In Silico Study of Ethylene Biosynthesis: Seeking New Effectors of ACC Synthase and ACC Oxidase

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-356
Author(s):  
Nada Ayadi ◽  
Sarra Aloui ◽  
Rabeb Shaiek ◽  
Oussama Rokbani ◽  
Faten Raboud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
In Silico Study

scholarly journals Aminoethoxyvinylglycine Inhibits Fruit Abscission Induced by Naphthaleneacetic Acid and Associated Relationships with Expression of Genes for Ethylene Biosynthesis, Perception, and Cell Wall Degradation in ‘Delicious’ Apples

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhu ◽  
Eric P. Beers ◽  
Rongcai Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Cell Wall Degradation ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Effects of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on young fruit abscission, leaf and fruit ethylene production, and expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and cell wall degradation were examined in ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). NAA at 15 mg·L−1 increased fruit abscission and ethylene production of leaves and fruit when applied at the 11-mm stage of fruit development, whereas AVG, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, at 250 mg·L−1 reduced NAA-induced fruit abscission and ethylene production of leaves and fruit. NAA also increased expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase genes (MdACS5A and MdACS5B), ACC oxidase gene (MdACO1), and ethylene receptor genes (MdETR1a, MdETR1b, MdETR2, MdERS1, and MdERS2) in fruit cortex and fruit abscission zones. However, AVG reduced NAA-induced expression of these genes except for MdERS2 in fruit abscission zones. NAA increased expression of the polygalacturonase gene MdPG2 in fruit abscission zones but not in fruit cortex, whereas AVG reduced NAA-enhanced expression of MdPG2 in fruit abscission zones. The expression of β-1,4-glucanase gene MdCel1 in fruit abscission zones was decreased by NAA but was unaffected by AVG. Our results suggest that ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene perception, and the MdPG2 gene are involved in young fruit abscission caused by NAA.

scholarly journals Temporal Relationship between Ester Biosynthesis and Ripening Events in Bananas

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 998-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sastry Jayanty ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Nicole M. Rubinstein ◽  
Andrés Chong ◽  
Randolph M. Beaudry
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Coa Transferase ◽  
Ester Biosynthesis ◽  
Natural Ester

The temporal relationship between changes in ethylene production, respiration, skin color, chlorophyll fluorescence, volatile ester biosynthesis, and expression of ACC oxidase (ACO) and alcohol acyl-CoA transferase (AAT) in ripening banana (Musa L. spp., AAA group, Cavendish subgroup. `Valery') fruit was investigated at 22 °C. Ethylene production rose to a peak a few hours after the onset of its logarithmic phase; the peak in production coincided with maximal ACO expression. The respiratory rise began as ethylene production increased, reaching its maximum ≈30 to 40 hours after ethylene production had peaked. Green skin coloration and photochemical efficiency, as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence, declined simultaneously after the peak in ethylene biosynthesis. Natural ester biosynthesis began 40 to 50 hours after the peak in ethylene biosynthesis, reaching maximal levels 3 to 4 days later. While AAT expression was detected throughout, the maximum level of expression was detected at the onset of natural ester biosynthesis. The synthesis of unsaturated esters began 100 hours after the peak in ethylene and increased with time, suggesting the lipoxygenase pathway be a source of ester substrates late in ripening. Incorporation of exogenously supplied ester precursors (1-butanol, butyric acid, and 3-methyl-1-butanol) in the vapor phase into esters was maturity-dependent. The pattern of induced esters and expression data for AAT suggested that banana fruit have the capacity to synthesize esters over 100 hours before the onset of natural ester biosynthesis. We hypothesize the primary limiting factor in ester biosynthesis before natural production is precursor availability, but, as ester biosynthesis is engaged, the activity of alcohol acyl-CoA transferase the enzyme responsible for ester biosynthesis, exerts a major influence.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document