A Study on the Weldability of INCOLOY 825 Alloys and STS316L Alloys

Bellows are widely used as parts in industrial machinery such as ships, valves, automotive, semiconductor equipment, flow and pressure sensors, and even in aircraft. Due to the recent depletion of conventional fossil fuels, natural liquified petroleum is increasingly demanded as an alternative energy, which in turn increases the demand for bellows on LNG ships. As the material used the bellows of LNG ships, the STS316L and INCOLOY 825 alloy, resistant to low-temperature embrittlement and corrosion, are used. STS316L is low-carbon stainless steel with a carbon content of less than 0.03%, preventing intergranular corrosion by welding work and maintaining its toughness and strength at a low temperature. In addition, Ni-Fe-Cr-based INCOLOY 825 alloy, containing Mo, Cu and Ti, is an alloy material resistant to general local corrosion in various atmospheres. INCOLOY 825 alloy is widely used for the creation of chemical processing equipment and in pollution-treatment facilities, oil and gas reduction equipment, acid manufacturing plants, pickling plants, nuclear fuel reprocessing and radioactive waste treatment facilities as well as in the bellows of LNG ships. Furthermore this material maintains good mechanical properties across a wide range of temperatures from ultra-low temperatures up to temperature approaching 500 °C. In this study, to assess its quality as a LNG ship bellows material, the STS316L and INCOLOY 825 alloy, used at an ultra-low temperature, the optimal welding conditions were established and its formability was analyzed by conducting an Erichsen test.

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Negawatt resource frontiers: Extracting energy efficiency from private spaces

Environment and Planning E Nature and Space ◽

10.1177/2514848620970128 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 251484862097012

Author(s):

Autumn Thoyre

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Capital Accumulation ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Private Property ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Low Carbon Economy ◽

Private Spaces ◽

Analytical Tools

Energy saved through efficiency and conservation efforts is often framed as a “resource” in climate change mitigation policies because of the ways such “negawatts” can cost-effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This research uses a case study of a US state alternative energy portfolio standard under which negawatts have been turned into new sources of profits for investor-owned electricity companies. Using archival policymaking data and analytical tools commonly used in the study of more traditional subsurface resources like fossil fuels, this paper analyzes how such companies have come to profit from negawatts. I show that, under this portfolio standard, negawatts are largely embedded in electricity customers’ private spaces, presenting a private property problem for capital accumulation similar to the challenge faced by capital seeking to extract more traditional subsurface resources. I argue that electricity companies resolve the negawatt private property problem in two ways. First, they discursively move negawatts out of private spaces through comparisons with resources like oil and gas. Second, the portfolio standard itself can be seen as granting electricity companies an enhanced spatial monopoly on negawatt extraction that functions like a mining concession. These discourses and regulations create a new and growing resource frontier which is likely to be a key accumulation space in the low-carbon economy. I conclude with recommendations for a more socially just and “deeper” politics of energy efficiency extraction.

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SAE 4820

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.sa0409 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Good Combination ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Heavy Duty ◽

Steel Mills ◽

Wide Range ◽

Low Temperature Toughness

Abstract SAE 4820 is a low-carbon (nominally 0.20%) carburizing steel containing nominally 3.5% nickel and 0.25% molybdenum. It is deal for used that require a strong, tough core along with a highly wear-resistant carburized case. In addition, it offers a good combination of strength and low-temperature toughness for non-carburized applications. It is recommended for a wide range of moderately heavy-duty applications. Among its many uses are carburized gears, carburized aerospace components and non-carburized machinery parts. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SA-409. Producer or source: Alloy steel mills and foundries.

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Sustainable Development and Turkey's Biomass Energy Potential

Renewable and Alternative Energy ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch014 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 494-518

Author(s):

Coşkun Karaca ◽

M. Mustafa Erdoğdu

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Biomass Energy ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Low Carbon Economy ◽

Emerging Nations ◽

Human Needs

Although energy is indispensable for the provision of basic human needs and economic growth, it simultaneously threatens the basic elements of life when its production and usage is based on fossil fuels. Scientific evidence proves that high carbon emission is the main reason behind climate change. Therefore, producing energy from more sustainable type of energies has great importance not only to ensure preservation of a clean and livable environment for future generations, but also to reduce high dependence on fossil fuels for the production of energy. The latter issue is particularly important for emerging nations such as Turkey, which do not possess large fossil fuel reserves. Currently, Turkey is in a position to meet less than one third of its energy need domestically. Increasing the share of energy produced from biomass would help to create a low-carbon economy and cleaner environment, and increase the security of the energy supply and reduce dependence on imported oil and gas. The present study focuses on the level of Turkey's biomass energy potential and the way in which to make efficient use of this potential. The chapter forwards two main questions: (1) To what extent can the quality of environment be improved via biomass energy? (2) What changes occur in economic variables such as foreign trade, employment, and balance of payments when fossil fuel is substituted with biomass energy?

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Co-movements of financial volatilities in a changing environment

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-10570 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Susana Martins

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Factor Model ◽

Primary Energy ◽

Global Scale ◽

Low Carbon ◽

High Carbon ◽

Volatility Model

Anthropogenic climate change has been attributed mainly to the excessive burning of fossil fuels and the release of carbon compounds. On average, 75% of the primary energy is still being produced by means of fossil fuels. In order to mitigate the global effects of climate change, a transition towards low-carbon economies is thus necessary. However, given current technology, this transition requires investments to shift away from high-carbon assets and so the effectiveness of changes in investment decisions depends highly on the expectations about policy change (e.g. regarding carbon pricing). The systemic implications of disruptive technological progress on the prices of carbon-intensive assets are thus compounded by the geopolitical nature of transition risk. If investors are pricing transition risk, this implies prices of high-carbon assets should all be responsive to climate-related policy news. For modelling the dynamics of volatility co-movements at the global scale, we propose an extension to the global volatility factor model of Engle and Martins (\textit{in preparation}). To allow for richer structures of the global volatility process, including dynamics, structural changes, outliers or time-varying parameters, we adapt the indicator saturation approach introduced by Hendry (1999) to the second moment and high-frequency data. In the model, climate change is interpreted as a source of structural change affecting the financial system. The new global volatility model is applied to the daily share prices of major Oil and Gas companies from different countries traded in the NYSE to avoid asynchronicity. As a proxy for climate change risk, we use the climate change news index of Engle et al. (2019). This index is a time series that captures news about long-run climate risk. In particular, we use the innovations in their negative (or bad) news index which is based on sentiment analysis.

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On the Relationship of our Fossil Energy Consumption and Low Carbon

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1124 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 616-618 ◽

pp. 1124-1127 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jian Guo Feng ◽

En Tian Li ◽

Shu Li Wang ◽

Ming Ming Lian ◽

Shi Dong Zhou

Keyword(s):

Energy Saving ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Gas Recovery ◽

Detection Technology ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Strategic Context ◽

The Relationship

Fossil Energy is the lifeblood of economic development of countries in the world, carbon emissions in the process of its consumption impact on the environment by the world's attention.The energy saving is the hot question of the today's world by the strategic context of sustainable development, China's consumption of fossil fuels is more vigorously pursued energy saving measures, mainly from oil and gas recovery technology and pipeline leakage detection technology specific energy-saving. Ultimately achieve energy saving and environmental protection purposes.

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Low Carbon Economy and Sustainable Energy Development in Rural Areas of Sichuan Province, China

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.824 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 476-478 ◽

pp. 824-827 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wen Bao

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Sustainable Energy ◽

Energy Development ◽

Sichuan Province ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Low Carbon Economy ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Energy Options

Sichuan Province faces several development challenges including those linked to climate change. Energy usage in Sichuan Province, for example, is already constrained because of a range of development challenges (energy availability; access; affordability of alternative energy sources; and a range of health impacts, including air pollution). There calls for a transition to a low carbon energy options. Although the major obstacles preventing people from discontinuing domestic traditional biomass fuels or coal combustion are poverty, the ready availability and social acceptability of energy options cannot be underrated. This paper therefore highlights some of the persistent challenges associated with sustainable energy transitions in Sichuan Province. We aim to explore how renewable and low-carbon energies can maintain sustainable rural energy development and partially replace fossil fuels development in rural areas of Sichuan Province and thereby serve as mitigation options is a possible future transition towards a low-carbon system relying on renewable and low-carbon energies.

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Parametric Studies of a Novel Combustion Modelling Approach for Low Temperature Diesel Spray Simulation

ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/icef2020-2924 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

XiaoHang Fang ◽

Nikola Sekularac ◽

Martin H. Davy

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Source Term ◽

Hole Injection ◽

Combustion Model ◽

Ignition Process ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Conditional Moment ◽

Flamelet Generated Manifold ◽

Wide Range ◽

Source Term Estimation

Abstract Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE) is a combustion model based on the conditional moment hypothesis where transport equations for reactive species are conditionally averaged on conserved scalars. Major advantages of this strategy are the reduced spatial dependence of the conditional averages and negligible fluctuations around the conditional averages, which considerably simplify the reaction rate closure. Historically, simulations using CSE are limited to low carbon fuels (i.e. methane and hydrogen) where the reduced chemistry manifold can be constructed through techniques including intrinsic low dimensional manifolds and trajectory generated manifolds. However, the use of such strategies to create manifolds for diesel surrogates has proven problematic. In this study, the potential of a combination of an unsteady Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) and the Conditional Source-term Estimation approach to predict the ignition and flame propagation on an autoigniting n-dodecane spray flame is assessed. Simulations are performed on a single-hole injection of n-dodecane under a wide range of Engine Combustion Network’s “Spray A” conditions within a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) framework. Results from parametric sweeps of ambient temperature and oxygen concentration are qualitatively validated against experimental data from the literature and compared against predictions from an industry standard well-stirred reactor model. The efficacy of the CSE-FGM RANS approach in predicting flame characteristics is evaluated and further compared with high fidelity CSE-FGM simulations using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model. Overall, it was found that the CSE-FGM RANS model was able to capture global flame properties — showing particular strength in predicting auto-ignition events in the low temperature region. The model was also able to satisfactorily capture details of the two-stage ignition process. The results were shown to be consistent with those of the CSE-FGM LES model, demonstrating the adaptability of the CSE-FGM approach to different turbulence modelling paradigms.

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What comes next: responding to recommendations from the task force on climate-related financial disclosures (TCFD)

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj17179 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 633 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Shiva Tyagi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Capture ◽

Large Scale ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Task Force ◽

Carbon Capture And Storage ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Low Carbon Economy

The task force on climate-related financial disclosures (TCFD) published its recommendations for disclosing climate-related risks in June 2017. The TCFD report represents a framework for companies to disclose climate-related information consistently in their mainstream financial filings. Reporting financial activity using the lens of climate-related risk would, according to the TCFD, help more appropriately price risks and allocate capital in the context of climate change. The initiative, while voluntary, would help speed the transition to a low-carbon economy, and help shift the corporate perspective beyond immediate concerns. The oil and gas industry can play a leading role in the transition to a low carbon economy through: carbon capture and storage, use of natural gas as a transition fuel and the implementation of large-scale renewable energy projects. Given the oil and gas industry’s global leadership in petroleum geology, resource extraction and pipeline transmission, the industry has a vital role in testing the feasibility of large-scale carbon capture and storage. Fossil fuels and renewable energy technologies have obvious complementary synergies and fossil fuels like natural gas are necessary for the reliable, affordable and low-cost transition to a low carbon transition pathway. The oil and gas industry may be the only sector with the requisite expertise and global scale of operations to test and implement large-scale renewable technology initiatives within a public-private partnership framework. Moreover, oil and gas companies are well positioned to be leaders in the effort to adapt and strengthen resilience to the effects and risks of climate change and reduce impacts.

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Sustainable Development and Turkey’s Biomass Energy Potential

Economic Behavior, Game Theory, and Technology in Emerging Markets - Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-4745-9.ch018 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 335-358

Author(s):

Coşkun Karaca ◽

M. Mustafa Erdoğdu

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Biomass Energy ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Low Carbon Economy ◽

Emerging Nations ◽

Human Needs

Although energy is indispensable for the provision of basic human needs and economic growth, it simultaneously threatens the basic elements of life when its production and usage is based on fossil fuels. Scientific evidence proves that high carbon emission is the main reason behind climate change. Therefore, producing energy from more sustainable type of energies has great importance not only to ensure preservation of a clean and livable environment for future generations, but also to reduce high dependence on fossil fuels for the production of energy. The latter issue is particularly important for emerging nations such as Turkey, which do not possess large fossil fuel reserves. Currently, Turkey is in a position to meet less than one third of its energy need domestically. Increasing the share of energy produced from biomass would help to create a low-carbon economy and cleaner environment, and increase the security of the energy supply and reduce dependence on imported oil and gas. The present study focuses on the level of Turkey’s biomass energy potential and the way in which to make efficient use of this potential. The chapter forwards two main questions: (1) To what extent can the quality of environment be improved via biomass energy? (2) What changes occur in economic variables such as foreign trade, employment, and balance of payments when fossil fuel is substituted with biomass energy?

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Thermodynamics of Hydrogen-mixed gases

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20843 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Aliakbar Hassanpouryouzband ◽

Katriona Edlmann ◽

Niklas Heinemann ◽

Mark Wilkinson

Keyword(s):

Thermodynamic Properties ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Hydrogen Gas ◽

Phase Behaviour ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Efficient Design ◽

Design Development ◽

Wide Range ◽

And Storage ◽

Mixed Gases

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to be a risk if we continue to use fossil fuels as our main energy source. Hydrogen is the ideal low carbon fuel/energy vector to replace fossil fuels facilitating the energy transition, without further increasing gas atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Thermodynamic characterisation of hydrogen and hydrogen mixed gases is important to solve the challenging production and storage issues in a hydrogen-based economy. Thermodynamic characterisation is vital to design more efficient and more economic production and storage processes, and must be undertaken as a crucial first step for wide application of hydrogen-based fuels and their storage. Here we applied a highly accurate equation of state, namely, GERG-2008, to predict various thermodynamic properties (e.g. phase behaviour, density, viscosity, compressibility, and heat capacity) of hydrogen when mixed with other gases including: CO2, CH4, N2, and natural gas. Given the important influence of other constituents in the hydrogen gas stream on the thermodynamic properties of hydrogen, such thermodynamic data could be used for efficient design, development, and deployment of innovative hydrogen production, transport, blending and storage techniques. Understanding the thermodynamic characterisation of hydrogen and hydrogen mixed gasses is particularly important for geological hydrogen storage, where the thermodynamic properties of the injected gas in equilibrium with existing fluids in the storage reservoir is required to estimate the storage capacity. The data is provided over wide range of pressure, temperature, and molar combination representing the range of fuel blending, applications and storage conditions for hydrogen.

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