Research on the Criterion and Classification of Swelling Rock

2011 ◽  
Vol 261-263 ◽  
pp. 1836-1840
Author(s):  
Xun Guo Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Soft Rock ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Swelling Rock

Criterion and classification are two important content of swelling soft rock research. On the basis of the study of predecessors’ achievements, the percentage of hydrophilic minerals is considered as a key index of the new standard, and the saturated water absorption, limit swelling increment, limit swelling force are considered as main indexes. Finally, the new standard is used to analyze and study on the projects in references.

Swelling Potential Indexes of Swelling Rock in Zhangjiakou District

2010 ◽  
Vol 163-167 ◽  
pp. 2791-2797
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Guo Xiang Yang ◽  
Fa Quan Wu ◽  
Jin Yu Dong
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Swelling Potential ◽  
Water Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
Swelling Rock

The indexes to determine the swelling potential of swelling rocks are still not unified. A series of testing results of swelling rocks of Zhangjiakou showed that: the dry saturated water absorption and the specific area of swelling rock are all correlated linearly with the content of smectite and the correlation coefficient can be reached to 87% and 96% respectively; however, content of the montmorillonite and free expansive ratio is in nonlinear correlation, which indicated that the free expansive ratio, the dry saturated water absorption and specific area can all reflect the characters of mineral components in swelling rocks. However, the liquid limit and the plasticity index were all in linear correlation with the montmorillonite content, but value of them were lower than practical ones, so they can not be suitable indexes to determine the expansibility of swelling rocks. The larger the free swelling ratio was, the larger the expensive ratio under no load was, but they have no good correlations which indicated that the properties of swelling rocks was complex, as a result it is defective tightness to determine the swelling potential only by mineral components. The swelling force and the expansive ratio under no load were also in linear correlation, which meant they can all characterize the swelling characters of swelling rocks. The lager the dry saturated water absorption was, the poorer the durability was, but the dry saturated water absorption can not reflect the disintegrative totally. Through comprehensive analysis, we took the dry saturated water absorption, coefficient of disintegrative and swelling force as the indexes to determine the swelling potential of swelling rocks.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Damage and Deterioration Behaviour of Deep Soft Rock under Water-Rock Interaction

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zenghui Zhao ◽  
Hao Liu ◽  
Xianzhou Lyu ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Zhongxi Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Soft Rock ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Damage And Failure ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Diffusion Migration ◽  
Exchange Adsorption ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Water Contents

The ageing disintegration, the damage, and failure mechanism of water-saturated soft rock are of significance to hazard prevention for deep mining. In this paper, indoor experiments, including disintegration behaviour tests in water, uniaxial compression failure tests of rock samples with different water contents, and variations in the microstructure of mudstone under saturated water contents, were conducted. The investigation results show that the saturated water content of mudstone is 16.96% and that the rock mass bursts completely after being immersed in water for 72 h. With increasing water content, the uniaxial strength and elastic modulus at the prepeak stage present significant attenuation. However, Poisson’s ratio varies little, which indicates that the swelling of cemented mudstone is not obvious when meeting water. In addition, the failure pattern of mudstone changes from overall splitting failure to block fragmentation failure. Due to ion-exchange adsorption and the wedging action of water molecules, the edge of contact between particles changes from staggered to smooth, which leads to the expansion of pores, the loosening of mudstone structures, and a decrease in mechanical strength. Therefore, the diffusion, migration, and particle expansion of illite and other clay minerals in mudstone are the main factors leading to the structural damage and strength reduction of weakly cemented rock under water-rock interactions.

scholarly journals Pattern Dynamics of Vegetation Growth With Saturated Water Absorption

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Jia-Hui Cao ◽  
Xin-Yue Bao
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Vegetation Dynamics ◽  
Vegetation Pattern ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Absorption Effect ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Pattern Dynamics ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Water Absorption Effect

Regular pattern is a typical feature of vegetation distribution and thus it is important to study the law of vegetation evolution in the fields of desertification and environment conservation. The saturated water absorption effect between the soil water and vegetation plays an crucial role in the vegetation patterns in semi-arid regions, yet its influence on vegetation dynamics is largely ignored. In this paper, we pose a vegetation-water model with saturated water absorption effect of vegetation. Our results show that the parameter 1/P, which is conversion coefficient of water absorption, has a great impact on pattern formation of vegetation: with the increase of P, the density of vegetation decrease, and meanwhile it can induce the transition of different patterns structures. In addition, we find that the increase of appropriate precipitation can postpone the time on the phase transition of the vegetation pattern. The obtained results systematically reveal the effect of saturated water absorption on vegetation systems which well enrich the findings in vegetation dynamics and thus may provide some new insights for vegetation protection.

Classification of Brick by Water Absorption

1935 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1021-1023
Author(s):  
Walter C. Voss
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption

scholarly journals Bodenveränderungen und Typisierung von Fahrspuren nach physikalischer Belastung | Changes in the soil and the classification of ruts according to physical loading

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (12) ◽  
pp. 504-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lüscher
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Soil Physics ◽  
Physical Loading ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Soil Functionality ◽  
Term Maintenance

In Swiss environment legislation, protection of the soil is defined by reference to the long-term maintenance of soil fertility. To fulfil this commitment, long-lasting damage to the soil must be prevented, respectively reduced to a minimum. When the forest floor is driven over with heavy logging machinery, this can lead to profound and long-lasting changes in the soil structure in the ruts thus formed. Based on driving trials under controlled conditions in the Heiteren region of the forest near Bern, investigations were made to find out whether the classification of ruts into three distinct types showing morphologically determined changes in the soil could be substantiated with the help of known values in soil physics. It was shown that the non-compacted reference soils could be clearly distinguished from all three types of rut by comparison of the stratification density, the total pore space and the saturated water permeability. In addition, the three types significantly differed from each other. Damage to the soil can be reduced to a minimum through consequent planning of skidding tracks and by paying due attention to the prevailing humidity of the soil at the time when vehicles are used. Thanks to the connection established between the character of the ruts and soil functionality, the classification of rut types provides a practically relevant and objective instrument for effective physical soil protection.

scholarly journals Laboratory and Centrifuge Model Tests on Influence of Swelling Rock with Drying-Wetting Cycles on Stability of Canal Slope

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Zhang ◽  
Zheng-yin Cai ◽  
Ying-hao Huang ◽  
Hao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Slope Failure ◽  
Soft Rock ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Surface Cracking ◽  
Centrifuge Model ◽  
Swelling Rock ◽  
Centrifuge Model Tests

This study focused on the swelling behavior of swelling rock from canal basement under multiple drying-wetting (D-W) cycles. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on a swelling rock, with the cracking and strength behaviors investigated. By using image-processing technique, the crack patterns were described, and then quantitatively analyzed on the basis of the fractal dimension. The experimental data indicated that swelling ability, including cracking level, fractal dimension, and strength, decrease with increasing drying and wetting cycle. On this basis, a series of centrifuge model simulations for simulating slope failure by drying-wetting cycles were performed, where the drying process was achieved by heat bulbs. The monitoring results suggested that a global slope failure has occurred after total cycle of 4th corresponding to 4 years. Due to the development of surface cracking, the infiltration in the slope was severe and nonuniform in space and time. Meanwhile, the failure mechanism of soft rock slope induced by D-W was discussed.

Effect of Compactive Efforts on the Strength Properties of Groundnut Shell Ash Stabilized Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

2013 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Edeh ◽  
Adrian O. Eberemu ◽  
James Mzuaor Aburabul
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
British Standard ◽  
Reclaimed Asphalt ◽  
Compactive Effort ◽  
Groundnut Shell ◽  
Groundnut Shell Ash

Large quantities of groundnut shell ash (GSA) are generated from the combustion of groundnut shell, disposed in large quantities on production sites while large volume of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) aggregates are also generated during pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction and disposed along road alignments. This paper presents results of the laboratory evaluation of the effect of compactive efforts on the strength properties of GSA stabilized RAP with a view to determining its suitability as highway pavement material in pavement constructions. The RAP-GSA mixtures were subjected to Reduced British Standard light, RBSL (reduced Proctor); British Standard light, BSL (standard Proctor); West African Standard, WAS and British Standard heavy, BSH (modified Proctor) compactive efforts to determine the compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio (CBR), durability and water absorption characteristics. Test results show that the properties of RAP improved with GSA treatment. The particle grading improved from 99.13 % coarse aggregate and 0.87 % fines, with AASHTO classification of A-1-b for 100 % RAP, and 9.08 % coarse aggregate and 90.92 % fines, with AASHTO classification of A-4 for 100 % GSA to 15.6691.72 % coarse aggregate and 8.2884.32 % fines, with AASHTO classification in the range A-4 (silty soil) to A-1-a (granular materials), for the various RAP-GSA mixes. Maximum dry density (MDD) decreased while the optimum moisture content (OMC) increased with higher GSA content in the RAP + GSA mixes and with decreased compactive effort from BSH to RBSL. Optimum CBR values of 35.1% (unsoaked) and 44.1% (soaked) recorded for 90% RAP + 10% GSA mix achieved with BSH compactive effort, satisfied the durability requirements with insignificant expansion and water absorption and can be used as subbase material in flexible pavements construction. This research provides the results of evaluation of the effect of compactive efforts on the strength properties of GSA stabilized RAP as highway construction material, as it is based on CBR determination. Further work may be encouraged to assess resilient modulus of this material under cyclic load.

scholarly journals Study on Water Absorption–Dehydration Characteristics for SAP Composite Soil for Rainwater Harvesting

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2380
Author(s):  
Youwei Qin ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Siyuan Wang ◽  
Fangling Hou ◽  
Pengfei Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Superabsorbent Polymer ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Saturated Water Content ◽  
Cinnamon Soil

As a water absorption material, superabsorbent polymer (SAP) has gained its popularity in agriculture and environmental remediations. This study conducted a comparative investigation on saturated water content of cinnamon soil mixed with SAP. Two SAPs, SAP1 and SAP2, with different behaviors were tested, where SAP1 is an organic superabsorbent polymer, and SAP2 is polyacrylic acid sodium salt polymer. The saturated water content of SAP composite cinnamon soil was investigated with the weighing method. The repeated water absorption capacity and dehydration behavior of SAP composite soil under different designed rainfall intensity were investigated with a soil column tester. The results showed that (1) cinnamon soil mixed with SAP increased the saturated soil water content, and SAP1 was more effective than SAP2; (2) SAP held strong water absorption ability and recycling efficiency with eight repeated absorption–dehydration tests; (3) the average dehydration time for SAP composite soil were 626 h and 1214 h under 5-year and 10-year design rainfall intensities.

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