The deconstruction of Byzantine mode-organization and the new Chrysanthine ‘order’

This paper was written to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the publication of musical treatise by Archbishop Chrysanthos of Madytos (c.1770-1846), the first work towards a ‘scientific’ treatment of Greek ecclesiastical music (1821)[1]. Chrysanthos attempted to reorganize the modal and rhythmic theory of this music, and reform the musical notation that has remained to this day. The paper deals with an aspect of Chrysanthine modal system that has not received due attention so far: the abandonment of the traditional authentic-plagal order and its substitution by a new one that does not make sense if placed outside its cultural context and historical antecedents. Chrysanthos’ main point of reference seems to be the Ottoman makam system that had already penetrated post-Byzantine chant but was now given a new momentum[2]. Before that, Greek composers used the Byzantine modal division into four authentic (kurioi) and four plagal (plagioi), positioned a fifth apart from each other. The authentic modes were mostly ascending in terms of melodic movement, whereas the plagal were descending (though one has first to ascend in order to get down!). Otherwise, every authentic-plagal pair shared the same melodic scale (usually an octave), which they traversed according to certain melodic motifs (some common to all, others unique to every mode).[1] Chrysanthos, Εισαγωγή εις το θεωρητικόν και πρακτικόν της Εκκλησιαστικής Μουσικής / συνταχθείσα προς χρήσιν των σπουδαζόντων αυτήν κατά την νέαν μέθοδον παρά Χρυσάνθου του εκ Μαδύτων, Διδασκάλου του Θεωρητικού της Μουσικής (Paris: Rigny, 1821).[2] In this paper, the Turkish terms have been rendered into their original script except for makam (mode) and usul (rhythm), the Anglicized plural form of which (makams and usuls) has been preferred instead of the longer makamler and usuler. The Greek names have been transliterated into Latin according to British Standard for transliteration of Cyrillic and Greek characters (BS), 1958.

Numerical model development to predict the behaviour of infant/neonate crash dummy restrained inside of an incubator under deceleration

In this paper, advanced finite element (FE) methods are developed to investigate the effect of deceleration on the crash dummy test complied with British Standard Engineering (BS EN 1789). These techniques, which are related to material modelling, joints and contacts, offer an advanced numerical model representing an infant incubator with all complex boundary conditions and design contents. It is shown that the response of an infant incubator is a function of the ratchet straps, the tension on the belts, the belt type and the distance of the belts from the edges of the incubator, which can significantly affect the experienced acceleration, by the infant. The validation process is performed against experimental studies and various case parameters such as crash dummy mass and negative acceleration impulse are discussed in detail. The developed numerical model is capable to predict the behaviour of the crash dummy and the incubator in terms of acceleration, trajectory and kinematics by less than 8% error.

Reliability Evaluation of Compaction Water Content of Plantain Peel Ash Treated Lateritic Soil

A first-order reliability method (FORM)was employed to assess the compaction water content, CWC (i.e optimum moisture content) of residual lateritic soil mixed with plantain peel ash (PPA) and compacted with British Standard Light (BSL)and British Standard Heavy (BSH)energies, for flexible pavement applications. A Multi-linear regression model was generated from values obtained via laboratory tests using Mini-tab R15 software, which served as a performance function that was applied for the analysis. Using the regression models for CWC, established distributions for the relevant soil factors, safety index (SI) was computed using CWC as a dependent factor and the soil factors Plantain Peel Ash (PPA); Plasticity Index (PI); Percentage File (PF); Specific Gravity (Gs) and Compactive Effort (CE)as self-determining factors). The results revealed that the safety index is sensitive to changeability in the soil factors. Outcome from the analysis show that Gs and CE are greatly affected by alteration in the coefficient of variation (COV), and so it is essential to control Gs and CE in lateritic soil–PPA mixes in road pavements. From the safety index values it reveals that PPA content has a minimal consequence as its value virtually remained constant at all COV used. Stochastically, lateritic soil mixed with PPA produces an acceptable safety index value of 1.0, as mentioned by the Nordic Committee on Building Regulation (NCBR) at 10% COV for BSH of compaction water content only. Therefore a more effective additive such as cement, lime, or bitumen is recommended for modeling CWC of lateritic soil-PPA mixes for road pavement at 10–100% series of COV. Keywords: Coefficient of variation; compaction water content; lateritic soil; plantain peel ash; reliability index

Effect of Mechanical Ventilation on Accidental Hydrogen Releases—Large-Scale Experiments

This paper presents a series of experiments on the effectiveness of existing mechanical ventilation systems during accidental hydrogen releases in confined spaces, such as underground garages. The purpose was to find the mass flow rate limit, hence the TPRD diameter limit, that will not require a change in the ventilation system. The experiments were performed in a 40 ft ISO container in Norway, and hydrogen gas was used in all experiments. The forced ventilation system was installed with a standard 315 mm diameter outlet. The ventilation parameters during the investigation were British Standard with 10 ACH and British Standard with 6 ACH. The hydrogen releases were obtained through 0.5 mm and 1 mm nozzles from different hydrogen reservoir pressures. Both types of mass flow, constant and blowdown, were included in the experimental matrix. The analysis of the hydrogen concentration of the created hydrogen cloud in the container shows the influence of the forced ventilation on hydrogen releases, together with TPRD diameter and reservoir pressure. The generated experimental data will be used to validate a CFD model in the next step.

Desiccation Induced Shrinkage of Compacted Lateritic Soil Treated via Enzymatic Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Technique

Exploring the biological process to enhance the engineering properties of soil have received enormous recognition in recent years. Enzymatic induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP) is one of the bio-inspired methods of utilizing free urease to precipitates calcite from urea and calcium ions for bettering the geotechnical properties of poor soils. In this research, the EICP technique was used to improve the volumetric shrinkage strain of compacted soil liner. In this work, the residual soil was treated with various concentrations of cementations ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 M, and the soil was subjected to Atterberg limit tests, compaction test using British standard light (BSL) and reduced British standard light (RBSL) and desiccation drying volumetric shrinkage strain test. The study's findings revealed a remarkable improvement in the liquid limit and plasticity index of the treated residual soils compared to natural soil. It was also found that the volumetric shrinkage strain of the treated soil reduces progressively from 5.24% of natural to 1.49% at 1.0 M cementation solution when the soils were prepared at 0% OMC and BSL compaction effort. Based on the consideration of permissible VSS of less than 4%, the best treatment was obtained at 1.0 M for both BSL and RBSL prepared samples. Similarly, the best compaction plane is found in the treated with 1.0 M cementation solution.

Pengaruh Kotoran Organik pada Pasir Kasar Sungai Batanghari terhadap Kuat Tekan Mortar

Kandungan organik adalah bahan-bahan organik yang terdapat di dalam pasir dan menimbulkan efek yang merugikan terhadap mutu mortar atau beton. Kadar bahan organik dalam agregat halus akan memperlambat proses pengikatan semen, dan juga akan memperlambat perkembangan kenaikan mutu beton/mortar. Mortar adalah campuran semen, pasir, dan air yang memiliki persentase yang berbeda. Benda uji mortar ada 3 variasi perlakuan yaitu pasir tidak dicuci, pasir yang dicuci dengan air, dan pasir yang direndam NaOH 3%, Sumber pasir dari sungai Batanghari Desa Sembubuk Kec. Jambi Luar Kota, Kab. MuaroJambi, Jambi. Kategori pasir kasar berdasarkan British Standard dan ASTM C33. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan kadar kotoran organik yang terdapat pada pasir kasar sungai Batanghari dan Mengetahui pengaruh pasir kasar sungai Batanghari terhadap kuat tekan mortar. Metode pelaksanaan mengacu pada SNI 03-6825-2002 tentang Metode Pengujian Kekuatan Tekan Mortar Semen Portland. Benda uji mortar berbentuk kubus dengan ukuran 5x5x5 cm. Dari hasil pengujian kotoran organik pada pasir kasar sungai Batanghari yaitu pada pasir tidak dicuci di angka 5, pasir yang dicuci dengan air di angka 3 dan pasir yang direndam dengan 3 % NaOH di angka 1 pada organic plate. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kuat tekan mortar rata-rata 28 hari pasir dicuci dengan air lebih besar 6,67% dari pasir tidak dicuci, untuk kuat tekan rata-rata 28 hari pasir yang direndam dengan NaOH 3% lebih besar 24,19% dari pasir tidak dicuci.

Influence of admixture of Bamboo leaf ash and lime on the Compaction characteristics of lateritic soil

This study investigated the impact of compactive efforts on A-7-5 lateritic soil stabilized with Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA) mixed with lime. Preliminary tests were conducted on the soil sample for identification and classification. Compaction tests (using British Standard Light (BSL), British Standard Heavy (BSH) and West Africa Standard (WAS) compactive efforts) were performed on the sample in both natural and stabilized states by incorporating 2, 4, 6 and 8% Bamboo Leaf Ash mixed together with 1, 2, and 3% lime by weight of soil sample. Maximum dry density (MDD) increased to 1766 kg/m3 at 3% lime and 6% BLA, 1818 kg/m3 at 3% lime and 8% BLA and 1866 kg/m3 at 3% lime and 2% BLA while the optimum moisture content decreased to 12.70% at 3% and lime 8% BLA, 11.40% at 2% lime 6% BLA and 11.12% at 3% lime and 2% BLA for BSL, WAS and BSH, respectively. Based on these findings, the addition of lime-BLA enhanced the soil and has a promising prospect for stabilization of lateritic soil.

Experimental and Statistical Study on Black Cotton Soil Modified with Cement–Iron Ore Tailings

The investigation focused on the response of black cotton soil (BCS) treated with mixtures of iron ore tailings (IOT) and cement to varying compaction effort (CE). Preliminary tests showed that the un-treated soil is A-7-6 (22) on the basis of AASHTO protocols of classification while the USCS (Unified Soil Classification System) guidelines placed the soil in CH group. Laboratory tests carried out included cation exchange capacity, CEC, Specific gravity (Gs) and compaction test. Three compaction energy levels (i.e., British Standard heavy (BSH), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard light (BSL)) were adopted for the compaction test. Test results showed that CEC decreased; Gs and MDD increased while OMC also decreased for all cement contents considered when admixed with the different IOT contents up to 10 % IOT by the soil dry weight. MDD values of 1.58, 1.59, 1.62, 1.64, 1.64 and 1.66 Mg/m3 were noted for 1% cement and 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% IOT content compacted with BSL energy. Also, OMC values of 21.2, 20.8, 20.5, 20, 20.3 and 20.2% were noted for 1% cement and 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% IOT content compacted with BSL energy. Same trend was noted for higher cement concentrations and compactive efforts. Regression models for MDD and OMC, considered as dependent variables while C (cement content), CE, IOT, Gs and PF (percentage of fine) as independent variables were developed using software (Mini-tab R15). The result of regression analysis shows that the independent variables considered greatly influence the dependent variables. ANOVA (Analysis of variance) was use to establish the levels of contributions of cement and IOT to the improvements recorded. Therefore, black cotton soil optimally treated with 4% cement 10% IOT blend and compacted with BSH energy is recommended for soil remediation or geotechnical engineering applications. Keywords— Compaction effort, iron ore tailings, black cotton soil (BCS), Analysis of Variance, regression analysis.

اثر استخدام الرمل السيليكي على مقاومة الخرسانة

In this research, a study of using silica sand of a purity reaches 95% was done in order to know its effects on the strength of concrete when it used as an alternative to the normal sand by a different ratio of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The study was done using Normal Portland Cement with a water/cement ratio of 0.52 and the mix design was done according to the British Standard Method. The ratio 1:1.5:3 was used for the different materials composed of the mix design. A reference mix design was used without containing any silica sand by means of 0% ratio of silica sand. Compression tests for the strength of concrete have been done for cubes of 7 days and 28 days age of curing and the results obtained appeared that the using of silica sand increases the concrete strength with reaching the peak at a ratio of 50% of silica sand where the strength was increased for the 7 days and 28 days by a ratio of 10% and 11% more than the strength of reference mix design respectively. Also, the study appears that the increase of silica sand by more than 50%, leads to the brittleness of concrete and this has been seen clearly when the ratio of silica sand reached 100% since the strength of concrete be down by 31% for 7 days and by 16% for the 28 days.

Strength Enhancement Potential of Spent Calcium Carbide on Fine Grained Lateritic Soil

Effect of spent calcium carbide (SCC) on index and strength properties of lateritic soil at differ- ent compactive efforts was assessed in this study as potential means of improving the geotechnical properties of the subsoil as well as disposing of SCC as waste. SCC was admixed with the soil using 0 to 10 % by dry weight of soil at an incremental rate of 2%. The following tests were carried out on the samples: specific gravity, Atterberg limit, particle size distribution, compaction, and California bearing ratio (CBR). Compaction and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were carried out using British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS), and British Standard heavy (BSH) on both the natural and stabilized soil samples. From the investigation, atterberg limits show a reduction in the plasticity index with increasing content of SCC. The maximum dry density of the soil decreased with increasing SCC content and increased with an increase in compactive energies (BSL<WAS<BSH), while and optimum moisture content (OMC) increased correspondingly. Also, soaked and unsoaked CBR values of the stabilized lateritic soil showed an increase in strength with higher compactive effort, and SCC content up to 4% SCC addition and after that decreased in value. Based on these results, spent calcium carbide improved the geotechnical properties of this lateritic soil, and 4% SCC is recommended for its stabilization as subgrade material for pavement construction, thereby serving as an effective method of disposing SCC towards promoting a green and sustainable environment.