The Effects of Magnetic Field on the Deposited Performance of CrN Films by Magnetron Sputtering

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 1340-1347
Author(s):  
Ming Der Jean ◽  
Ming Tsong Chou
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Field Distributions ◽  
Magnetic Sputtering ◽  
The Magnetic Field

This paper reports the effects of varying magnetic field strength on CrN films, deposited by a magnetic sputtering process. The strength of magnetic field in unbalanced magnetic sputtering processes is controlled by adjusting the gap distance between the magnet set and the target surface (GDMT). An improvement in overall intensity, at low GDMT, was observed by adjustable magnetic field distributions. In the chamber, it was readily noticeable that varying the magnetic field strength has an influence on the CrN structures. In experiments, at low GDMT, a high hardness value and lower wear rate become visible in the CrN films. In addition, the CrN films formed have a smooth surface with a dense tiny structure and display preferential orientation in the Cr2N(111) and Cr2N(002) planes, whereas CrN films prepared at higher GDMT exhibit more roughness and the CrN (200) plane is evident. Furthermore, the Cr2N (111) (002) plane possessed better tribological properties than that of the CrN(200) plane, where the wear scars show little failures on the coating surface.

Study of Magnetic Fields of Magnetron Sputtering Affecting CrN Films

2013 ◽  
Vol 401-403 ◽  
pp. 822-827
Author(s):  
Ming Der Jean ◽  
Maw Tyan Sheen ◽  
Ching Fu Wu ◽  
Feng Ming Chen ◽  
San Jen Lee
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Critical Force ◽  
Magnetic Sputtering ◽  
Magnetic Field Variations ◽  
Hardness Values ◽  
The Magnetic Field

This article presents the distribution of the varying magnetic field and its effect by magnetron sputtering on mechanical properties of CrN films. The magnetic field variations in the sputtering processes were explored, and the strength of magnetic field in the unbalanced magnetic sputtering systems is controlled. In addition, the microstructure, composition and surface properties of CrN films prepared by magnetron sputtering were investigated. At a GDMT of 27mm, the highest wear rate value and hardness values seems to be appeared, while the higher critical force value appears to occur at 49mm GDMT during 18 tests. The experimental results have showed that in the enhancement in overall intensity at the gap distance of 27mm between magnet set and the target surface (GDMT), magnetic field strength varied having a significant influence on the CrN structures was readily noticeable, while the wear scar curve at 49mm GDMT possessed better tribological properties than those of the others. Thus, magnetic field variations play a crucial role in determining the properties of the films

On the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of β CrB

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 613-622
Author(s):  
I.A. Aslanov ◽  
Yu.S. Rustamov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Radial Velocity ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Complex Shape ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Magnetic Field Variation ◽  
Secular Variations ◽  
The Magnetic Field

SummaryMeasurements of the radial velocities and magnetic field strength of β CrB were carried out. It is shown that there is a variability with the rotation period different for various elements. The curve of the magnetic field variation measured from lines of 5 different elements: FeI, CrI, CrII, TiII, ScII and CaI has a complex shape specific for each element. This may be due to the presence of magnetic spots on the stellar surface. A comparison with the radial velocity curves suggests the presence of a least 4 spots of Ti and Cr coinciding with magnetic spots. A change of the magnetic field with optical depth is shown. The curve of the Heffvariation with the rotation period is given. A possibility of secular variations of the magnetic field is shown.

scholarly journals The effects of magnetic field strength on the properties of wind generated from hot accretion flow

2018 ◽  
Vol 615 ◽  
pp. A35 ◽  
Author(s):  
De-Fu Bu ◽  
Amin Mosallanezhad
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Magnetic Pressure ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Accretion Flow ◽  
Accretion Flows ◽  
Black Hole Accretion ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Context. Observations indicate that wind can be generated in hot accretion flow. Wind generated from weakly magnetized accretion flow has been studied. However, the properties of wind generated from strongly magnetized hot accretion flow have not been studied. Aims. In this paper, we study the properties of wind generated from both weakly and strongly magnetized accretion flow. We focus on how the magnetic field strength affects the wind properties. Methods. We solve steady-state two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equations of black hole accretion in the presence of a largescale magnetic field. We assume self-similarity in radial direction. The magnetic field is assumed to be evenly symmetric with the equatorial plane. Results. We find that wind exists in both weakly and strongly magnetized accretion flows. When the magnetic field is weak (magnetic pressure is more than two orders of magnitude smaller than gas pressure), wind is driven by gas pressure gradient and centrifugal forces. When the magnetic field is strong (magnetic pressure is slightly smaller than gas pressure), wind is driven by gas pressure gradient and magnetic pressure gradient forces. The power of wind in the strongly magnetized case is just slightly larger than that in the weakly magnetized case. The power of wind lies in a range PW ~ 10−4–10−3 Ṁinc2, with Ṁin and c being mass inflow rate and speed of light, respectively. The possible role of wind in active galactic nuclei feedback is briefly discussed.

COMPARISON OF CARDIAC MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTIONS DURING DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3783-3789 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. SMITH ◽  
P. LANGLEY ◽  
L. TRAHMS ◽  
U. STEINHOFF ◽  
J. P. BOURKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Magnetic Field Distribution ◽  
T Wave ◽  
High Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Multichannel magnetocardiography measures the magnetic field distribution of the human heart noninvasively from many sites over the body surface. Multichannel magnetocardiogram (MCG) analysis enables regional temporal differences in the distribution of cardiac magnetic field strength during depolarization and repolarization to be identified, allowing estimation of the global and local inhomogeneity of the cardiac activation process. The aim of this study was to compare the spatial distribution of cardiac magnetic field strength during ventricular depolarization and repolarization in both normal subjects and patients with cardiac abnormalities, obtaining amplitude measurements by magnetocardiography. MCGs were recorded at 49 sites over the heart from three normal subjects and two patients with inverted T-wave conditions. The magnetic field intensity during depolarization and repolarization was measured automatically for each channel and displayed spatially as contour maps. A Pearson correlation was used to determine the spatial relationship between the variables. For normal subjects, magnetic field strength maps during depolarization (R-wave) showed two asymmetric regions of magnetic field strength with a high positive value in the lower half of the chest and a high negative value above this. The regions of high R-wave amplitude corresponded spatially to concentrated asymmetric regions of high magnetic field strength during repolarization (T-wave). Pearson-r correlation coefficients of 0.7 (p<0.01), 0.8 (p<0.01) and 0.9 (p<0.01) were obtained from this analysis for the three normal subjects. A negative correlation coefficient of -0.7 (p<0.01) was obtained for one of the subjects with inverted T-wave abnormalities, suggesting similar but inverted magnetic field and current distributions to normal subjects. Even with the high correlation values in these four subjects, the MCG was able to identify differences in the distribution of magnetic field strength, with a shift in the T-wave relative to the R-wave. The measurement of cardiac magnetic field distribution during depolarization and repolarization of normal subjects and patients with clinical abnormalities should enable the improvement of theoretical models for the explanation of the cardiac depolarization and repolarization processes.

scholarly journals Transport of hyperpolarized samples in dissolution-DNP experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (25) ◽  
pp. 13696-13705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey S. Kiryutin ◽  
Bogdan A. Rodin ◽  
Alexandra V. Yurkovskaya ◽  
Konstantin L. Ivanov ◽  
Dennis Kurzbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization ◽  
Nuclear Polarization ◽  
Sample Transfer ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization

The magnetic field strength during sample transfer in dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization influences the resulting spectra.

Zero-Field Level Crossing in the Helium Atom

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. T. Chien ◽  
R. E. Bardsley ◽  
F. W. Dalby
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Helium Atom ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Zero Field ◽  
Level Crossing ◽  
Field Level ◽  
Collision Cross Sections ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Zero-field level-crossing techniques have been used to measure some upper-state lifetimes of the helium atom. The half-widths of curves obtained by plotting the polarization against the magnetic field strength for the n1D–21D transitions yielded lifetimes of 2.03 × 10−8 s for the 31D state, 3.36 × 10−8 s for the 41D state, and 7.44 × 10−8 s for the 51D state. Collision cross sections for these 1D levels were also determined.

scholarly journals Study on Fluidization Characteristics of Magnetically Fluidized Beds for Microfine Particles

Minerals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Yakun Tian ◽  
Shulei Song ◽  
Xuan Xu ◽  
Xinyu Wei ◽  
Shanwen Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Fluidized Beds ◽  
Expansion Rate ◽  
Gas Velocity ◽  
Bed Height ◽  
Bed Expansion ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The bed pressure drop, minimum fluidized gas velocity, bed density, and bed expansion rate are important parameters characterizing the fluidization characteristics of gas-solid fluidized beds. By analyzing these parameters, the advantages and disadvantages of the fluidization state can be known. In this study, experiments were conducted to study the fluidization characteristics of a gas-solid magnetically fluidized bed for microfine particles by changing the magnetic field strength, magnetic field addition sequence, and static bed height. The experimental results show that when the magnetic field strength increased from 0 KA/m to 5 KA/m, the minimum fluidized gas velocity of particles increased from 4.42 cm/s to 10.32 cm/s, while the bed pressure drop first increased and then decreased. When the magnetic field strength is less than 3.4 KA/m, the microfine particles in the bed are mainly acted on by the airflow; while when the magnetic field strength is greater than 3.4 KA/m, the microfine particles are mainly dominated by the magnetic field. The magnetic field addition sequence affects the fluidization quality of microfine particles. The fluidized bed with ‘adding magnetic field first’ shows a more stable fluidization state than ‘adding magnetic field later’. Increasing of the static bed height reduces the bed expansion rate. The bed expansion rate is up to 112.5% at a static bed height of h0 = 40 mm and H = 5 KA/m. This will broaden the range of density regulation of a single magnetic particle and lay the advantage of gas-solid magnetically fluidized bed for microfine particles in the field of separation of fine coal.

scholarly journals Research on convective heat transfer characteristics of Fe3O4magnetic nanofluids under vertical magnetic field

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
Ruihao Zhang ◽  
Sixian Wang ◽  
Shan Qing ◽  
Zhumei Luo ◽  
Zhang Xiaohui
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Convective Heat Transfer ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Convective Heat ◽  
Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Magnetic Nanofluids ◽  
The Magnetic Field

This paper focuses on the convective heat transfer characteristics of Fe3O4 /Water magnetic nanofluids under laminar and turbulent conditions. After verifying the accuracy of the experimental apparatus, the effects of magnetic field strength, concentration, Reynolds number and temperature on the convective heat transfer coefficient have been studied. The convective heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids under laminar and turbulent flow conditions were studied in depth, and the influence of each factor on the heat transfer coefficient was analyzed by orthogonal experimental design method. Under the laminar flow conditions, the convective heat transfer of magnetic nanofluids performed best when the Reynolds number was 2000, the magnetic field strength was 600, the temperature was 30? and the concentration was 2%. And the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) increased by 3.96% than the distilled water in the same conditions. In turbulent state, the convective heat transfer of magnetic nanofluids performed the best when the Re was 6000, the magnetic field strength was 600, the temperature was 40? and the concentration was 2%. The h increased by 11.31% than the distilled water in the same Reynolds number and the magnetic field strength conditions.

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