Preparation and Application of Lead Dioxide Electrode for Zinc Electrolysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 785-786 ◽  
pp. 1125-1129
Author(s):  
Xiao Yong Yang ◽  
Pei Xian Zhu ◽  
Yun Sen Si
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Lead Dioxide ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Simulation Test ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Zinc Smelter ◽  
Lead Dioxide Electrode

According to the process of anodic oxygen evolution in sulfate system for zinc electrolysis,Ti-base lead dioxide electrode can be prepared to use in this case.The surface characterization of the electrode was studied by Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The electrode lifetime was tested in 1mol/L H2SO4solution at 60°C,and the electro-catalytic properties was examined by polarization curves.Then these samples was enlarged and simulation test was conducted at Mengzi marriage zinc smelter in Yunnan.The results show that the electro-catalytic properties is better and the electrodes lifetime is longer compared to the traditional lead electrode.Moreover,it has a significant effect in reducing energy consumption, manufacturing cost and improving the production and grade of zinc.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

Surface Characterization of Carbon-Bearing Magnetite (CBM) and Carbon-Bearing Ni(II)-Ferrite (CBNF)

1994 ◽  
Vol 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sano ◽  
K. Akanuma ◽  
M. Tsuji ◽  
Y. Tamaura
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Spinel Structure ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Carbon Deposition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xps Spectra ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxygen Ions ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

AbstractOxygen-deficient magnetite (ODM; Fe3O4-δ, δ>0) synthesized by reduction of magnetite with H2 at 300°C decomposed CO2 to carbon with an efficiency of nearly 100% at 300°C. In this reaction, two oxygen ions of the CO2 were incorporated into the spinel structure of ODM and carbon was deposited on the surface of ODM with zero valence to form visible particles. The particles of carbon separated from ODM were studied by Raman, energy-dispersive X-ray and wave-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies. The carbon which had been deposited on the ODM was found to be a mixture of graphite and amorphous carbon in at least two levels of crystallization. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction patterns of the carbon-bearing magnetite (CBM) showed no indication of carbide (Fe3C) or metallic iron (α-Fe) phase formation. In the C 1s XPS spectra of the CBM, no peaks were observed which could be assigned to CO2 or CO. X-ray diffractometry, chemical analysis and TG-MS measurement showed that the carbon-bearing Ni(II)-ferrite (CBNF) (Ni(II)/Fetotal = 0.15) synthesized by the carbon deposition reaction from CO2 with the H2-reduced Ni(II)-ferrite was represented by (Ni0.28Fe2.72O4.00)1-δ (Ni2+06.9Fe2+2.31O3.00)δCτ (δ= 0.27, τ= 0.17). The carbon of the CBNF gave the CIOlayer-like oxide containing some Ni2+ ions.

scholarly journals Selective Hydration of Nitriles to Corresponding Amides in Air with Rh(I)-N-Heterocyclic Complex Catalysts

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csilla Enikő Czégéni ◽  
Sourav De ◽  
Antal Udvardy ◽  
Nóra Judit Derzsi ◽  
Gergely Papp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
13C Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Synthetic Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Nitrile Hydration ◽  
X Ray

A new synthetic method for obtaining [RhCl(cod)(NHC)] complexes (1–4) (cod = η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene, NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene: IMes, SIMes, IPr, and SIPr, respectively) is reported together with the catalytic properties of 1–4 in nitrile hydration. In addition to the characterization of 1–4 in solution by 13C NMR spectroscopy, the structures of complexes 3, and 4 have been established also in the solid state with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The Rh(I)-NHC complexes displayed excellent catalytic activity in hydration of aromatic nitriles (up to TOF = 276 h−1) in water/2-propanol (1/1 v/v) mixtures in air.

Synthesis and Photo-Catalytic Properties Characterization of Graphene/TiO2 Nanotube Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 544 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Cai Xia Li ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Dan Yu Jiang ◽  
Qiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nanotube Composites ◽  
Degussa P25 ◽  
Concentrated Solution

Selecting graphene oxide (GO) and the Degussa P25 TiO2 (80% anatase and 20% rutile) as raw materials, the composites of graphene/TiO2 nano-tubes were simply and quickly prepared under the conditions of a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. The as-obtained composites’ phase structure was analyzed and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), their morphologies were also observed and cross-confirmed under the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The measurements showed that the composites prepared in this work have a remarkable structure, and compared to the seperate TiO2 nano-tubes, the agglomeration of TiO2 nano-tubes covered on the surface of the graphene is apparently not so serious. In view of this, we preliminary tested the composites’ photo-catalytic performance with the visible light irradiation, and also made a comparison with TiO2 nano-tubes.

scholarly journals Effect of Grinding and Resintering on the Fatigue Limit and Surface Characterization of a Y-TZP Ceramic

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Scatimburgo Polli ◽  
Gabriel Rodrigues Hatanaka ◽  
Filipe de Oliveira Abi-Rached ◽  
Lígia Antunes Pereira Pinelli ◽  
Márcio de Sousa Góes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Limit ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Monoclinic Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Staircase Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fracture Area

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of grinding protocols and resintering on flexural fatigue limit and surface characterization of LavaTM Y-TZP. Bar-shaped specimens (20×4.0×1.2 mm, n=40; 20×4.0×1.5 mm, n=80) were obtained. Half of the thinner specimens (1.2 mm) constituted the as-sintered group (AS), while the thicker ones (1.5 mm) were ground with diamond burs under irrigation (WG) or not (G). The other half of thinner and half of ground specimens were resintered (1000 ºC, 30 min), forming the groups ASR, WGR and GR. Fatigue limit (500,000 cycles, 10 Hz) was evaluated by staircase method in a 4-point flexural fixture. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Surface topography (n=3) and fracture area (n=3) were evaluated by SEM. X-ray diffraction data (n=1) was analyzed by Rietveld refinement. ANOVA revealed significant differences (p<0.001) for the grinding protocol, resintering and their interaction. Grinding increased the fatigue limit of non-resintered groups. There was no significant difference among the resintered groups. Resintering significantly increased the fatigue limit of the AS group only. Both protocols created evident grooves on zirconia surface. The failures initiated at the tensile side of all specimens. The percentages (wt%) of monoclinic phase were AS (8.6), ASR (1.2), G (1.8), GR (0.0), WG (8.2), WGR (0.0) before, and AS (7.4), ASR (6.5), G (3.2), GR (0.2), WG (4.6), WGR (1.1) after cyclic loading. Grinding increased the fatigue limit of non-resintered Y-TZP and formed evident grooves on its surface. Resintering provided significant increase in the fatigue limit of as-sintered specimens. In general, grinding and resintering decreased or zeroed the monoclinic phase.

Surface Characterization of Chemical-Mechanical Polished GaAs by Inclined Bragg Plane Triple Crystal X-Ray Diffraction

1992 ◽  
Vol 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor S. Wang ◽  
Richard J. Matyi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Reciprocal Lattice ◽  
Bragg Condition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reciprocal Lattice Point ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Unique Capability

ABSTRACTThe incorporation of triple crystal x-ray diffraction (TCD) under conditions of a nearly grazing incident x-ray beam provides a unique capability to characterize surface and subsurface structural damage. The effects of bromine-methanol chemical-mechanical (CM) polishing on the surface quality of GaAs were investigated by inclined Bragg plane triple crystal x-ray diffraction. GaAs samples polished under varying conditions of Br2 concentration, total polish time, polish wheel rotation speed, and force exerted on the samples were analyzed using TCD profiles from inclined (220) planes, with the samples oriented at both the exact Bragg condition, θB, and at deviations from the exact Bragg condition. As the deviation from the 220 reciprocal lattice point was increased, multiple peaks corresponding to both the dynamic and the kinematic components were observed. The peak positions and the relative intensities of the various peaks were used to characterize the effects of the CM polishing variables on the GaAs surfaces.

Surface Characterization of Calcium-Stabilized Zirconia Film by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

1997 ◽  
Vol 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Bensadon ◽  
P. A. P. Nascente ◽  
L.O.S. Bulhões ◽  
E. C. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Oxide Films ◽  
Depth Profiling ◽  
Cubic Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Zirconia Film

ABSTRACTA new methodology was developed to stabilized zirconia films at room temperature. The zirconium oxide films were prepared electrochemically by anodic oxidation of metallic zirconium at constant curcent density. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the partial stabilization of the cubic phase in the ZrO2 films obtained in the presence of calcium. On the other hand, the films obtained in H3PO4 presented monoclinic phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the oxide films obtained in calcium medium were porous, while the films obtained in H3PO4 were compact. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) identified ZrO2 and the intercalation of Na, N, P and CaO, as well as adventitious carbon. Using depth profiling, we observed that the concentrations of ZrO2, P and CaO increased with sputtering time.

scholarly journals SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS FOR NITROGEN ION IMPLANTATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Petr Vertat ◽  
Jan Drahokoupil ◽  
Petr Vlcak
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Nitrogen Ion Implantation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Commercially Pure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nitrogen Ion

Ion implantation is one of the modern methods of the surface modification of various materials. Industrially used Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy and commercially pure Ti grade 2 were characterized using the X–ray diffraction methods. Texture of the material and dependence of the microstructural properties on the method of the surface modification were examined in order to determine suitable conditions for application of the process in the industry. The structure of Ti–6Al–4V alloy before and after the nitrogen ion implantation process is discussed and observed surface hardening is explained.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Rhodium Doped on TiO2/HCP for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance on Pentachlorophenol

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saheed Olalekan Sanni ◽  
Omoruyi Gold Idemudia
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sunlight Irradiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Light Region ◽  
Visible Spectra

Visible-light-responsive material based on Rhodium doped on titanium dispersed on dealuminated clinoptilolite (TiO2/HCP) was synthesized via a combination of the sol-gel method and photoreductive deposition technique. The photocatalyst surface characterization, structural and optical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV-visible spectra (UV-VIS). Doping TiO2/HCP with Rh imparts a red shifting of the absorption band into the visible light region according to UV-VIS. The prepared composite materials were evaluated for their photocatalytic activities on pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation under sunlight irradiation. The Rhodium doped TiO2/HCP exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity and can be considered as a potential photocatalyst in wastewater treatment.

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