Study on the Changes of Urea Content during Brewing of Chinese Huangjiu

The two acetyl monoxime colorimetric method was used to detect urea content. The yeast growth curve shows that a large amount of urea in the extracellular is secreted during the growth processing. And in the stable phase (cultured for 51 hours), urea concentration is up to 38.642 mg / L, but intracellular urea concentration (cultured for 27 hours) is only 6.043 mg / L. At same time, the extracellular urea amount secreted in the medium at initial pH3-4 is less than it at initial pH5 treatment. The urea secretion level is lower when yeast cultured in the medium with 12% of alcohol. The extracellular urea level decrease when the culture temperature increased from 28°C to 32°C.

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The Role of the Colon in Urea Metabolism in Man

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0500051 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 51-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. A. Gibson ◽

N. J. Park ◽

G. E. Sladen ◽

A. M. Dawson

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Colonic Mucosa ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Urea Concentration ◽

Low Protein ◽

Urea Content ◽

Colonic Lumen ◽

Urea Metabolism ◽

Protein Diets

1. The urea content of ileostomy effluent has been measured by the urease method as an indirect estimate of the urea concentration in the lumen of the normal ileum. 2. The plasma disappearance of intravenously administered [14C]urea was used to study intestinal urea breakdown. Normal subjects on high and low protein diets and patients with either excised (i.e. with ileostomies) or excluded colons were studied. 3. The 24 h intestinal urea breakdown was considerably greater than the quantity of urea estimated to be entering the colon from the ileum and across the colonic mucosa. 4. Intestinal urea breakdown increased with increase in dietary protein and decreased with, but was not abolished by, exclusion or excision of the colon. 5. Our results suggest that the colonic lumen is not the only site of intestinal ureolysis and that significant quantities of urea must be broken down either at a juxtamucosal site or in the ileum.

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Primary Study on the Effect of Different Fermentation Conditions in Urea Content Generated by Huangjiu Yeast

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.1081 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 798-799 ◽

pp. 1081-1086

Author(s):

Jian Gang Yang ◽

Qiu Lin ◽

Ying Ying Ma

Keyword(s):

Fermentation Process ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Early Growth ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Primary Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Early Growth Stage ◽

Urea Content

The concentration of urea generated by Huangjiu yeast at the different conditions was measured with diacetyl oxime colorimetric method. The results show that the production of urea generated by yeast in fermentation process is different from culture conditions. The level of urea of control group is higher than the levels in other conditions. The urea concentration in culture medium presents increasing in the early growth stage and then decreasing in the later growth stage.

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Genetic and environmental determinants of the urea level in cow's milk

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-58-65-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 65-72

Author(s):

A. Czajkowska ◽

B. Sitkowska ◽

D. Piwczyński ◽

P. Wójcik ◽

S. Mroczkowski

Keyword(s):

Genetic Correlation ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Winter Season ◽

Small Degree ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Urea Level ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Urea Content ◽

Selected Traits

Abstract. This study was conducted on a sample of 2237 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. The aim was to estimate the effect of selected environmental factors on the level of urea in cow's milk and on its genetic parameters, i.e. the heritability coefficients, and genetic correlation with other selected traits of milk production. The present study has revealed the existence of a highly significant influence of herd, year of calving, parity, lactation phase, and milk performance level on the urea content in cow's milk. A high urea level in milk was detected in samples collected from older animals, both during the winter season and the middle phase of lactation (101–200 days). The heritability estimates were generally at a low level, particularly in terms of milk yield (0.183) and urea content (0.152–0.159), which may indicate the dominant role of the environment in shaping them. Relatively low values of genetic correlation (−0.097–0.140) between the urea content and other traits suggest that improvement of milk yield and its composition modify the urea level in milk only to a small degree.

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The eff ect of selected factors on urea concentration in the milk of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows

Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.5422 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 21-32

Author(s):

Alicja Satoła ◽

Ewa Ptak

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Mixed Linear Model ◽

Urea Concentration ◽

Protein Percentage ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

Urea Content ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Milk Urea ◽

Percentage Data ◽

Friesian Cows

The objective of the study was to determine the relationships between milk urea concentration and factors such as lactation number, stage of lactation, month and season of the test day, age at calving, milk yield and protein percentage. Data for the calculations consisted of 7,731 test-day records from 1,078 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. Test-day milking was performed for first, second and third lactations during the period from December 2010 to December 2011. Calculations were performed using the MIXED procedure in SAS/STAT. A mixed linear model using was applied in which parameters were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. Least squares means for fixed eff ects in the model were compared by the Tukey-Kramer test. The first lactation diff ered significantly (p<0.05) from the second and third in terms of mean urea concentration, but there were no significant diff erences between the second and third lactations. For primiparous cows the milk urea concentration increased throughout lactation, but for older cows it increased only up to 7–8 months of lactation. Urea concentrations did not diff er significantly in the same stages of consecutive lactations, i.e. the first and second or second and third. Statistically significant diff erences were noted between the first and third lactations only in months 9 and 10 of lactation. Seasonal changes in milk urea content varied depending on the lactation number. In the first lactation the milk urea concentration was lowest in spring and highest in autumn. This tendency was not observed in the second and third lactation. Milk urea concentration was positively associated with both milk yield and protein percentage

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Variability and correlation of milk urea content with parameters of cow productivity

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202124701004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 247 ◽

pp. 01004

Author(s):

Anatoly Bolgov ◽

Irina Komlyk ◽

Natalia Grishina

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Somatic Cells ◽

Freezing Temperature ◽

Urea Concentration ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Urea Content ◽

Early Autumn ◽

Dry Milk ◽

Milk Urea

During the work, 24774 individual milk samples for Ayrshire cows (Karelia, Russia) with an annual milk yield of over 8.300 kg were tested (1.355 cows) every month for the last three years. The urea content averaged 32.19 mg% with a daily yield of 25.5 kg. In cows at the age of the first two lactations, the urea content was higher than for adult animals. The urea content in milk increased from 31.46 mg% to 33.56% with increasing daily yield. In summer and early autumn, urea concentration was lower than in spring and winter. A reliable positive correlation of milk urea was obtained with daily yield, lactose, negative – with protein, dry milk matter, dry non-fat milk residue, the number of somatic cells, and lack of connection was with fat and the freezing temperature of milk. The bull's genotype has a significant effect on the amount of milk urea. Heritability coefficient (h2) was in the range of 0.222 - 0.367.

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Matriks Pengontrol Pelepasan Urea Berbasis Karagenan: Pengaruh Konsentrasi Glutaraldehid

Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia ◽

10.5614/jtki.2019.18.1.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Sperisa Distantina ◽

Mujtahid Kaavessina ◽

Fadilah Fadilah

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Mathematic Model ◽

Urea Concentration ◽

Urea Solution ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Urea Content ◽

Urea Release

Abstrak. Pada penelitian ini, matrik hidrogel berbasis karagenan dibuat dan diaplikasikan untuk mengontrol pelepasan urea. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi glutaraldehid terhadap kecepatan pelepasan urea dan menyusun model kecepatan pelepasan urea. Film karagenan dimodifikasi secara kimiawi menggunakan ikatan silang atau crosslinking dengan glutaraldehid. Larutan karagenan 7 g/100 mL dicetak menjadi lembaran dan kemudian dikeringkan sehingga diperoleh lapisan film. Film direndam dalam larutan glutaraldehid dengan konsentrasi tertentu selama 2 menit dan dilanjutkan dipanaskan pada suhu 110oC selama 20 menit. Film yang dihasilkan dicuci dengan etanol dan dikeringkan. Pengisian urea ke dalam matrik film menggunakan metode difusi. Film kering direndam dalam larutan urea 0,074 g/mL selama satu jam dan selanjutnya dikeringkan. Kecepatan pelepasan urea dari film ke dalam media air dievaluasi berdasarkan data konsentrasi urea dalam cairan sebagai fungsi waktu. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa semakin besar konsentrasi glutaraldehid (1-5%) menyebabkan urea yang tersimpan di dalam film semakin rendah. Model matematika yang diusulkan dapat mewakili peristiwa pelepasan urea dari film. Film berbasis karagenan yang dihasilkan berpotensi sebagai matrik pengontrol pelepasan urea. Kata kunci: crosslinking, glutaraldehid, hidrogel, karagenan, urea. Abstract. Controlled Release Matrices of Urea from Carrageenan: Effect of Glutaraldehyde Concentration. In this study, carrageenan-based hydrogel matrices were prepared and applied for urea controlled release. The aim of this work was to study the effect of glutaraldehyde concentration on the rate of urea release in water. Carrageenan films were chemically modified by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. The films were prepared by casting the aqueous carrageenan 7 g/100 mL and then followed by drying. The films obtained were immersed in certain glutaraldehyde concentration for 2 min and then heated in the oven at 110oC for 20 min. The crosslinked films were washed using ethanol and then air-dried until the weight is constant. The dried films were immersed in a urea solution (0.074g/ml) for 1 hr and then dried. The rate of urea release was determined by measuring the urea concentration in water as a function of time of release. Results showed that higher glutaraldehyde concentration (1–5%) produced films with less urea content. The proposed mathematic model of urea release from the film can represent the rate of urea release. The prepared carrageenan-based film has the potential for controlling of urea release. Keywords: carrageenan, crosslinking, glutaraldehyde, hydrogel, urea. Graphical Abstract

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PSVIII-41 Late-Breaking Abstract: Milk urea level of dairy cows in Northern Kazakhstan

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.608 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 343-343

Author(s):

Alzhan Shamshidin ◽

Daulet Aitmukhanbetov ◽

Yerkingali Batyrgaliyev ◽

Anuarbek Seitmuratov

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Animal Health ◽

Research Work ◽

Milk Productivity ◽

Urea Level ◽

Feeding Level ◽

Urea Content ◽

Milk Urea ◽

The Republic ◽

Control Protein

Abstract The high milk productivity of cows with an inadequate feeding level is the cause of many animal diseases. To control protein and energy in feeding ration it may be used as an indicator the milk urea content (Nousiainen, J.K.J. Shingfield, and P. Huhtanen, 2004). The norm of its content is in the range of 15–30 mg% (Smith, J., G. Verkerk, B. McKay, 2000). The purpose of the work was to introduce milk urea indicator in Republic of Kazakhstan by the experience of USA and Canada milk labs. Research work was carried out under project “Improving the breeding methods efficiency.” The studies were carried out using infrared analyzer CombiFoss FT +. The results of the study are shown in table 1. As you can see, milk urea content in Agrofirm Rodina LLP was 34.25 ± 0.29 mg%. Analysis of cows diet in this farm showed, there it was protein excess by 7.9% in comparison with the norms. In the second farm, Esil-Agro LLP, it was a different case. Milk urea content was 11.7 mg%. Low level of urea in this case was the result of energy and protein lack in the diet of dairy cows. It can be concluded that in conditions of dairy farms in the Republic of Kazakhstan, milk urea can serve as reliable indicator of protein and energy level in the diets of dairy cows, monitoring its content will ensure the rational use of expensive protein feeds, preserving animal health and thereby increase the efficiency of milk production.

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Characterization of Coherent, Ordered Precipitates in Nickel-Base Alloys

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100071168 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 144-145

Author(s):

B. H. Kear ◽

J. M. Oblak

Keyword(s):

Stable Phase ◽

Nickel Base Superalloy ◽

Alloy 718 ◽

Commercial Alloy ◽

Precipitate Morphology ◽

Continuous Precipitation ◽

Nickel Base ◽

Base Superalloy ◽

Strengthening Precipitate

A nickel-base superalloy is essentially a Ni/Cr solid solution hardened by additions of Al (Ti, Nb, etc.) to precipitate a coherent, ordered phase. In most commercial alloy systems, e.g. B-1900, IN-100 and Mar-M200, the stable precipitate is Ni3 (Al,Ti) γ′, with an LI2structure. In A lloy 901 the normal precipitate is metastable Nis Ti3 γ′ ; the stable phase is a hexagonal Do2 4 structure. In Alloy 718 the strengthening precipitate is metastable γ″, which has a body-centered tetragonal D022 structure.Precipitate MorphologyIn most systems the ordered γ′ phase forms by a continuous precipitation re-action, which gives rise to a uniform intragranular dispersion of precipitate particles. For zero γ/γ′ misfit, the γ′ precipitates assume a spheroidal.

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Lorentz microscopy study of magnetic domain walls in Fe-Cr-Co alloys

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100109458 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 462-463

Author(s):

Yalcin Belli

Keyword(s):

Domain Walls ◽

Magnetic Domain ◽

Microscopy Study ◽

Ferromagnetic Phase ◽

Stable Phase ◽

Magnetic Domains ◽

Lorentz Microscopy ◽

Magnetic Hardening ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

Co Alloys

Fe-Cr-Co alloys have great technological potential to replace Alnico alloys as hard magnets. The relationship between the microstructures and the magnetic properties has been recently established for some of these alloys. The magnetic hardening has been attributed to the decomposition of the high temperature stable phase (α) into an elongated Fe-rich ferromagnetic phase (α1) and a weakly magnetic or non-magnetic Cr-rich phase (α2). The relationships between magnetic domains and domain walls and these different phases are yet to be understood. The TEM has been used to ascertain the mechanism of magnetic hardening for the first time in these alloys. The present paper describes the magnetic domain structure and the magnetization reversal processes in some of these multiphase materials. Microstructures to change properties resulting from, (i) isothermal aging, (ii) thermomagnetic treatment (TMT) and (iii) TMT + stepaging have been chosen for this investigation. The Jem-7A and Philips EM-301 transmission electron microscopes operating at 100 kV have been used for the Lorentz microscopy study of the magnetic domains and their interactions with the finely dispersed precipitate phases.

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