scholarly journals Lime-Crusted Rammed Earth: Materials Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 831 ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Camilla Mileto ◽  
Fernando Vegas ◽  
Francisco Javier Alejandre ◽  
Juan Jesús Martín ◽  
Lidia García Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Outer Wall ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Construction Technique ◽  
Materials Analysis ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Rammed Earth Wall ◽  
Wall Construction ◽  
Materials Used

This study analyses the durability of rammed-earth wall construction techniques. The analysis focuses on three medieval masonry types from the Castle of Villavieja (Castellón, Spain) using two variations of lime-reinforced rammed earth in its walls: lime-crusted rammed earth and brick-reinforced rammed earth. Materials analysis reveals the good properties of the materials used in the outer wall facing despite its age. It also clearly shows how deterioration depends more on the construction technique (construction of the wall with a base, cornice, facings, core; on-site installation, bonds, etc.) than on the material itself. These two types of lime-reinforced rammed earth (lime-crusted rammed earth and brick-reinforced rammed earth) are the most common kinds of fortified architecture in the Iberian Peninsula as well as in northern Africa and the Middle East. The case presented herein is therefore highly relevant as it advances our knowledge of the behaviour of the materials comprising these walls and lays the foundations for suitable future conservation works of a vast array of architectural heritage.

Revaluation of Ksar El-Haouita in Laghouat, Algeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatiha Imane Mahcar ◽  
Belkacem Takhi
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Theoretical Underpinning ◽  
Great Resistance ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Local Materials

Algeria has a rich urban and architectural heritage, which presents regional specificities. Once the ksour was a symbol of balance and perfect harmony with its environment, unfortunately today they no longer reflect their former function. The Ksourian architecture, including that of Laghouat is a prestigious heritage of high value; it is the testimony of genius knowledge and the capacity of their occupants to adapt to the difficult environment. The housing is considered the essential core of this architecture it represents the entire composition of the ksar, its design is inspired by the immediate environment and respects ancestral social values. It is characterized by a simple architecture and simple construction techniques which are based on the construction in load-bearing walls, the construction materials used are local materials of great resistance and less expensive. This study addresses the theme revaluation of heritage, particularly our case study ksar El-Haouita which has experienced a neglecting and depopulation due to several factors. The ksar El-Haouita is among the most famous ksour located in the south of Algeria and exactly in the region of Laghouat. It is built with simple materials and techniques of construction. The construction materials used are local materials like stones and lime found in the environmental surroundings of the ksar. The aim of this study is to identify the major causes of the degradation of ksar, also to preserve ksar El-Haouita through specific operations and to improve the tourist attractiveness of ksar El-Haouita in order to promote heritage, to convert it back into sustainable Saharan tourism. Our study based in the first place; on a theoretical underpinning which contains the notions that have a relation with our theme, the problematic and the envisaged objective, then a presentation of ksar followed by a morphological analysis accompanied by identification of the problems to identify the phenomena of damage and its disfigurement. The last step is to treat an aspect for the development of ksar, this aspect is devoted to the restitution of the defensive system (doors, ramparts, ramparts of houses and towers) of the ksar, through a diagnostic and several operations like (rehabilitation and reconstruction). The aim result of this study is to show that the revaluation of the ksar is a very vast operation and proposes interventions that allow the preservation of the ksar and also to understand the elements that help the success of interventions and to put some of the parameters considered as reference elements and basic principles for the operations on the ksar and among these operations it is (the case study, which is the restitution of the defensive system of ksar El-Haouita).

Research and Application of Green Rammed Earth Wall Construction Technology

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 2780-2787
Author(s):  
Tie Gang Zhou ◽  
Dao Qiang Peng ◽  
Jing Hua Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Project ◽  
Safety Performance ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Rammed Earth Wall ◽  
Simple Processing ◽  
Wall Construction

The traditional rammed earth building refers theses structures which uses tools such as pestle or hammer etc to fill undisturbed soil materials after a simple processing by the method of compacting layer by layer. construction technology of the modern rammed earth mainly makes improvements in terms of rammed earth materials、ramming tools and construction technology which can effectively improve the durability and safety performance of rammed earth building. This article is focusing on how to select scientifically which one is the best rammed earth material and introducing improvement situation about construction technology of rammed earth wall, which combined with researching and practicing of pilot project, under the guidance of the International centre for research and application of earth construction.

scholarly journals The Effects of Construction Techniques and Geometrical Properties on the Dynamic Behavior of Historic Timber Minarets in Sakarya, Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
M. Bilal Bağbancı ◽  
Özlem Köprülü Bağbancı
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Ambient Vibration ◽  
Construction Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Ambient Vibration Tests ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Earthquake Zone

Sakarya City, as the host of many civilizations, has many historic monuments. The city is in the most active earthquake zone in the region. The minarets of mosques are the most important structures because they are slender. Therefore, they are sensitive to lateral loads, and earthquakes and strong winds may cause damage to these structures. The highest number of mosque minarets partly or totally collapsed in the 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce earthquakes that occurred in Turkey. The region is rich in trees, so timber has been used in the construction of different structures in Sakarya City and the vicinity for many years. In this study, five historic timber minarets in Sakarya City were experimentally and computationally examined to determine the effects of the construction techniques and geometrical properties on the dynamic behavior of the minarets. Ambient vibration tests of timber minarets were performed, and the construction techniques and geometrical features were examined; the results of these are discussed below. It was determined that the outer wall construction technique, body height, slenderness, and cross-sectional area play important roles in the dynamic behavior of timber minarets. Finally, an empirical formula was derived from the relationships for rapid estimation of the fundamental period of timber minarets.

scholarly journals The importance of SEM-EDS analysis in the study of old mortars

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (S3) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Adriano ◽  
A. Santos Silva ◽  
M.R. Veiga ◽  
J. Mirão ◽  
A.E Candeias
Keyword(s):  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Deep Knowledge ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Materials Used

The study of old mortars composition, using physical-chemical, mineralogical and microstructural characterization has an important role in the preservation of architectural heritage, allowing a deep knowledge about the materials used, construction techniques, possible repairs and degradation processes.

scholarly journals Multi-Leaf Stone Masonry Walls in Egypt: A Legend

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2763-2791
Author(s):  
Osama Amer ◽  
Danila Aita ◽  
Ezzeldin k. Mohamed ◽  
Akram Torky ◽  
Ashraf Shawky
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Construction Technique ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Transversal Section ◽  
Materials Used

Multi-leaf stone masonry walls are a typical construction technique in architectural heritage in Egypt. The assessment, modeling, and strengthening of historic masonry walls of multi-leaf systems essentially require suitable knowledge of their construction technology, typology, geometrical characteristics, and the properties of their components. Within the current research project, a comprehensive structural survey of multiple-leaf walls of medieval historic buildings in Cairo was performed. The observation and statistical analyses allowed characterization of the transversal section of the surveyed walls, as well as examination and identification of the construction materials and techniques. The slenderness ratios of this type of wall, its blocks’ dimensions, the utilized connectivity between the inner and outer leaves, and leaves ratio were also investigated. Three construction hypotheses of multiple-leaf stone masonry walls are presented considering weak, thick, and monolithic core infill layers. The study’s objectives were to enlarge the knowledge of typology, morphology, and construction materials used in three-leaf masonry walls and provide a proper characterization as a prerequisite for determining the most suitable materials and techniques for further strengthening interventions.

scholarly journals Effects of Infills in the Seismic Performance of an RC Factory Building in Pakistan

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Nisar Ali Khan ◽  
Giorgio Monti ◽  
Camillo Nuti ◽  
Marco Vailati
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
Construction Technique ◽  
Infill Walls ◽  
Mortar Strength ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Seismic Response Of Buildings

Infilled reinforced concrete (IRC) frames are a very common construction typology, not only in developing countries such as Pakistan but also in southern Europe and Western countries, due to their ease of construction and less technical skills required for the construction. Their performance during past earthquakes has been in some cases satisfactory and in other cases inadequate. Significant effort has been made among researchers to improve such performance, but few have highlighted the influence of construction materials used in the infill walls. In some building codes, infills are still considered as non-structural elements, both in the design of new buildings and, sometimes, in the assessment of existing buildings. This is mainly due to some difficulties in modeling their mechanical behavior and also the large variety of typologies, which are difficult to categorize. Some building codes, for example, Eurocode, already address the influence of infill walls in design, but there is still a lack of homogeneity among different codes. For example, the Pakistan building code (PBC) does not address infills, despite being a common construction technique in the country. Past earthquake survey records show that construction materials and infill types significantly affect the seismic response of buildings, thus highlighting the importance of investigating such parameters. This is the object of this work, where a numerical model for infill walls is introduced, which aims at predicting their failure mode, as a function of some essential parameters, such as the friction coefficient between mortar and brick surface and mortar strength, usually disregarded in previous models. A comprehensive case study is presented of a three-story IRC frame located in the city of Mirpur, Pakistan, hit by an earthquake of magnitude 5.9 on 24 September 2019. The results obtained from the numerical model show good agreement with the damage patterns observed in situ, thus highlighting the importance of correctly modeling the infill walls when seismically designing or assessing Pakistani buildings that make use of this technology.

Improving rammed earth wall thermal performance with added expanded granulated cork

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Correia da Silva ◽  
João P.B. Pereira ◽  
Jorge Sirgado
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Rammed Earth Wall

scholarly journals Development of a Modular Home Construction Kit using the Rammed Earth Building Technique

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Valmiki K Sooklal
Keyword(s):  
Service Learning ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Learning Program ◽  
Construction Technique ◽  
Home Construction ◽  
Construction Kit

In developing countries where resources are limited, the task of providing shelter for poverty stricken communities that are already in dire need of basic amenities can be a daunting one. This paper proposes a solution to this housing issue in the form of a modular home construction kit. These kits will provide such communities with a tool for sustainably constructing their own dwellings using local manpower combined with the natural resources available on site. The technique is based on the rammed earth principle in which the raw material for the construction process is primarily the natural soil present at the targeted location. This result in considerable savings in terms of sourcing and transporting costs of building materials typically used in traditional constructions methods. In addition, heavy or powered equipment is not needed for this construction technique making it a viable option for places where an electrical power supply or fuel source is not available.The project is part of a service-learning program, recently introduced at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs to afford students an opportunity to work on a multidisciplinary team while using their engineering knowledge to provide solutions to real world problems. The student team working on the project has been involved in developing all the necessary procedures for assessment of the location’s soil type as well as the design and sourcing of the kit components. They will also be required to develop the necessary instructional and training material to allow for assembly of the kit components and the implementation of the technique to produce a finished structure (excluding the roof).

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