Effect of Pack Boronizing on Microstructure and Microhardness of 304 Stainless Steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Siti Khadijah Alias ◽  
Bulan Abdullah ◽  
Mahesh Talari ◽  
Muhammad Hafizuddin Jumadin ◽  
Mohd Faizul Idham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Vickers Microhardness ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Boride Layer ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Boron Diffusion ◽  
Low Alloy Steel ◽  
Surface Protection ◽  
Selection Of

The implementation of boronizing in low alloy steel had been implemented tremendously in past years as this method offers excellent surface protection that led to enhancement of hardness and wear of the material. In conjunction to that, few parameters had been recognized as the factor that promotes boron diffusion into the surface of the material which is the selection of boronizing temperature and time. This study concentrated on the effect of pack boronizing on the boride layer thickness of 304 stainless steel which contained high amount of alloying elements. The microstructural analysis and boron layer thickness was measured and observed using optical microscopy and SEM analyzer. The microhardness of the material was measured using Vickers microhardness tester. The results portrayed that boronizing successfully induced boronizing layer containing FeB and Fe2B phases with thickness of 15μm. This resulted in major improvement of the microhardness values with improvement of 5 times compared to non-boronized samples.

A Study on Boronizing of Duplex Stainless Steel

2006 ◽  
Vol 306-308 ◽  
pp. 887-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafidah Hasan ◽  
Iswadi Jauhari ◽  
S.M. Yunus ◽  
Raden Dadan Ramdan ◽  
Nik Rozlin Nik Masdek
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Boride Layer ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Surface Contact

Boronizing is a method to increase the surface hardness of engineering components [1]. This is beneficial especially when the components are always in surface contact with other materials. In this study, boronizing treatment was successfully done on duplex stainless steel (DSS). Two types of DSS with different microstructure were boronized – the as-received DSS and the fine grain DSS. The morphology of boride layer formed on boronized DSS is compact and smooth. The boride layer thickness for both DSS ranged from 9 to 32 +m. Depending on boronizing time and temperature, the hardness of boronized fine grain DSS is between 1014 HV to 2601 HV. The values are higher than that of the as-received DSS which is between 797 HV to 2311 HV. The result shows that there is a different in hardness of boride layer for two different grain sizes of DSS although the layer thickness formed is about the same in depth.

ANALYSIS ON MICROSTRUCTURE, HARDNESS AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF SHOT BLASTED-PASTE BORONIZED 316 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamad Hafizuddin Mohamad Basir ◽  
Bulan Abdullah ◽  
Siti Khadijah Alias ◽  
Muhammad Hafizuddin Jumadin ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Boride Layer ◽  
Surface Metrology ◽  
Boron Diffusion ◽  
Shot Blasting ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Hardness Tester

In this research, analysis on microstructure, hardness and surface roughness of 316 austenitic stainless steel were conducted before and after boronizing process. Boronizing treatment was conducted using a paste medium at a temperature of 8500C, with and without shot blasting. Microstructures of the specimens were observed under Olympus BX60 Optical Microscope. Vickers Micro Hardness Tester was used to determine the hardness of the specimens while Optical 3D Surface Metrology Sys was used to measure the surface roughness of the specimens. The process of boronizing diffuses boron into the surface of steel which resulted in the formation of the boride layers that consist of FeB and Fe2B. Shot blasting process increased the boron diffusion which resulted in increment of the boride layer thickness and hardness value while the surface roughness was fluctuated. Increment in the hardness value of 316 stainless steel causes the steel to be able to withstand a heavy load.

scholarly journals Selection of Abrasive for Chemical Mechanical Polishing of the 304 Stainless Steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 1681 ◽  
pp. 012011
Author(s):  
Su Jianxiu ◽  
Liu Haixu ◽  
Qi Wanting ◽  
Cao Xiaojun ◽  
Wang Zhankui
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Chemical Mechanical Polishing ◽  
Mechanical Polishing ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Selection Of

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Copper-304 Stainless Steel Multilayers Synthesized by Magnetron Sputtering

2002 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Zhang ◽  
A. Misra ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
H. Kung ◽  
J. D. Embury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Peak Hardness ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
Nanoscale Systems ◽  
Shear Moduli ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Fcc Structure

ABSTRACTNanostructured Cu/304 stainless steel (SS) multilayers were prepared by magnetron sputtering at room temperature. 304SS has a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure in bulk. However, in the Cu/304SS multilayers, the SS layers exhibited fcc structure for layer thickness of less than or equal to 5 nm. For 304SS layer thickness larger than 5nm, bcc 304SS grains were observed to grow on top of the initial ≈ 5 nm of fcc SS. The maximum hardness of Cu/304SS multilayers was ≈ 5.5 GPa (factor of two enhancement compared to rule of mixtures hardness) achieved at a layer thickness of 5nm, with a decrease in hardness with decreasing layer thickness below 5 nm. The hardness of fcc/fcc Cu/304SS multilayers (layer thickness ≤ 5 nm) is compared with Cu/Ni, another fcc/fcc system, to gain insight on how the mismatch in physical properties such as lattice parameters and shear moduli of the constituent layers affect the peak hardness achieved in these nanoscale systems.

scholarly journals Kinetic investigation of AISI 304 Stainless Steel boronized in indirect heated fluidized bed furnace

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Topuz ◽  
B. Çiçek ◽  
O. Akar
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Boride Layer ◽  
Layer Growth ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Aisi 304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Aisi 304 ◽  
Kinetics Of

In this study, kinetic examinations on boronized AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples were described. Samples were boronized in indirect heated fluidized bed furnace consists of Ekabor 1? boronizing agent at 1123, 1223 and 1323 K for 1,2 and 4 hours. Morphologically and typically examinations of borides formed on the surface of steel samples were studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Boride layer thickness formed on the steel X5CrNi 18-10 ranges from 12 to 176 ?m. The hardness of the boride layer formed on the steel X5CrNi 18-10 varied between 1709 and 2119 Hv0,1. Layer growth kinetics were analyzed by measuring the extent of penetration of FeB and Fe2B sublayers as a function of boronizing time and temperature. The kinetics of the reaction has been determined with K=Ko exp (-Q/RT) equation. Activation energy (Q) of boronized steel X5CrNi 18-10 was determined as 244 kj/mol.

Effect of Process Parameters on Friction Stir Lap Welded 304 Stainless Steel and 5052 Aluminium Alloys

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veerendra Chitturi ◽  
Srinivasa Rao Pedapati ◽  
Mokhtar Awang
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Intermetallic Layer ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Weld Zone ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dissimilar Materials ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Friction Stir

Abstract Joining of two different materials like aluminium and steel is a challenging task because of the vast differences in their physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining technique which is successful in joining dissimilar materials. In this study, the tool made with Tungsten-Rhenium with a pin length of 4.1 mm is used to weld 4 mm stainless steel and 2 mm aluminium plates in lap configuration with steel as the top plate. The process parameters used in the study are tool rotational speeds between 800 rpm and 1200 rpm, traverse speed ranging from 20 mm/min to 40 mm/min, penetration depth of 4.1 mm to 4.3 mm with a varying tilt between from 0° and 2.5°. The Aluminium is melted during the process because of the high temperature and is thrown out in the form of flash resulting in the formation of defects and a cup like structure at the weld zone. Microstructural analysis confirmed that formation of a sound joint without defects was impossible. The mechanically stirred zone consists of a thin intermetallic layer at the interface of aluminium and steel plates. The thickness of the intermetallic layers formed were between 5 μm and 20 μm. The maximum shear strength of 2.7 kN was achieved with tool rotational speed of 1000 rpm, penetration depth of 4.3 mm and welding speed of 30 mm/min when the angle was tilted at 0°. It is evident from the experiments that the joints achieved were not defect free because of improper mixing of the material.

The Effect of BWR Startup Environments on Crack Growth in Structural Alloys

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Crack Growth Rate ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Low Alloy Steel ◽  
Inconel 600 ◽  
Type 304 ◽  
Type 304 Stainless Steel

During startup of a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), the water chemistry and temperature are constantly changing. Special operational practices can be performed to control the dissolved oxygen level using, for example, vacuum deaeration. To assess the impact of startup practice on environmental cracking in the structural materials used in the BWR, a large program was performed to evaluate crack growth at representative environmental conditions for both conventional and vacuum deaeration startup practices. Five alloys were studied: Types 304 and 316 nuclear grade stainless steel, Inconel 600, carbon steel, and A508-2 low alloy steel. Tests were performed using fracture mechanics type specimens with constant load crack growth measured at appropriate stress intensity levels. The program intent was to compare the crack growth rates for the two practices. The results show that normal startup and startup deaeration environments had varied effects. Sensitized Type 304 stainless steel exhibited a decrease in crack growth rate and concomitant decrease in severity of intergranular fracture morphology at the low temperatures under deaeration. In contrast, the Type 316 nuclear grade displayed very little influence of startup deaeration due to its inherent resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Inconel 600 showed up to a factor of five reduction in crack growth rate in the deaeration environment. The response of the carbon steel to deaeration was mixed—limited benefit was seen at low temperature, none was seen at the higher temperature. Finally, the low alloy steel displayed some improvement in behavior at low temperature at the high stress intensity value investigated. In summary, the program showed that a modest benefit, in terms of stress corrosion cracking mitigation, could be attributed to deaeration during startup, particulary for Type 304 stainless steel and Inconel 600.

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