Turritella terebra Shell Synthesized Calcium Oxide Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Chicken Fat

Heterogeneous catalyst has been viewed as a promising catalyst for biodiesel production. This study employed Turritella terebra (TT) shell as a source for synthesizing heterogeneous CaO catalyst for biodiesel production via transesterification by utilizing chicken fat as a feedstock. The TT shell CaO catalyst was characterized and its catalytic performance was studied. The spectrographic methods that include FTIR, SEM, PSA, and BET-BJH were employed for characterization of the synthesized CaO. The TT shell CaO catalyst optimally produced chicken fat biodiesel (CFB) with reaction parameters at catalyst concentration of 4 wt%, chicken fat to methanol molar ratio of 1:12, reaction temperature of 60°C, and reaction time of 90 min. The optimal yield was 94.03% and the TT shell CaO catalyst still yield 79.19% of CFB on the fifth cycle of reaction. This study has implied that TT shell is a feasible and attractive renewable source of heterogeneous CaO catalyst for biodiesel production.

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Heterogeneous Microwave Irradiation Biodiesel Processing of Jatropha Oil

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.500 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 554 ◽

pp. 500-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Farid Nasir Ani ◽

Ahmed Bakheit Elhameed

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Microwave Irradiation ◽

Calcium Oxide ◽

Production Cost ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Jatropha Oil ◽

Reaction Parameters

This paper investigated the three critical reaction parameters including catalyst concentration, microwave exit power and reaction time for the transesterification process of jatropha curcas oil using microwave irradiation. The work is an attempt to reduce the production cost of biodiesel. Similar quantities of methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1 and calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst were used. The results showed that the best yield percentage 96% was obtained using 300W microwave exit power, 8 %wt CaO and 7 min. The methyl ester FAME obtained was within the standard of biodiesel fuel.

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Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production Using Calcium Methoxide Catalyst Assisted with Tetrahydrofuran as Cosolvent

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2017/4190818 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Nichaonn Chumuang ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Response Surface ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Standard Requirement

The present study was performed to optimize a heterogeneous calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH3)2) catalyzed transesterification process assisted with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a 5-level-4-factor central composite design was applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion. A quadratic model with an analysis of variance obtained from the RSM is suggested for the prediction of FAME conversion and reveals that 99.43% of the observed variation is explained by the model. The optimum conditions obtained from the RSM were 2.83 wt% of catalyst concentration, 11.6 : 1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 100.14 min of reaction time, and 8.65% v/v of THF in methanol concentration. Under these conditions, the properties of the produced biodiesel satisfied the standard requirement. THF as cosolvent successfully decreased the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, and reaction time when compared with biodiesel production without cosolvent. The results are encouraging for the application of Ca(OCH3)2 assisted with THF as a cosolvent for environmentally friendly and sustainable biodiesel production.

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Synthesis of Ca-Doped Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Catalysts for Transesterification

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2018/8056701 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tanat Chokpanyarat ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon ◽

Supakit Achiwawanich

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

The Novel ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Hierarchical Porous ◽

Ordered Macroporous

The novel three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) CaO/SiO2, 3DOM CaO/Al2O3, and 3DOM Ca12Al14O32Cl2 catalysts for biodiesel transesterification were prepared by sol-gel method. The 3DOM catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The hierarchical porous structure was achieved; however, only 3DOM CaO/Al2O3 and 3DOM Ca12Al14O32Cl2 catalysts were used for transesterification due to high amount of active CaO. Various parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and their influence on the biodiesel production were studied. The result showed that 99.0% RPO conversion was achieved using the 3DOM Ca12Al14O33Cl2 as a catalyst under the optimal condition of 12 : 1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 6 wt.% catalyst with reaction time of 3 hours at 65°C.

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PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM CRUDE COCONUT SEEDS OIL USING CAO/AL2O3 AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST

Science Proceedings Series ◽

10.31580/sps.v2i1.1266 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 92-97

Author(s):

Jamilu Usman ◽

Bashar Abdullahi Hadi ◽

Buhari Idris ◽

Umar Musa Tanko ◽

Bashar Usman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Animal Fats

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel derived from animal fats or vegetable oil through transesterification with methanol. Base catalyzed transesterification is the most commonly used technique as it is the most economical process. Presently, a lot of heterogeneous catalysts have been formulated that are more effective than the homogeneous catalysts. CaO/Al2O3 was synthesized using incipient wetness impregnation method. The biodiesel was developed and optimized using Box-behnken response surface methodology (RSM) design provided using MINITAP-17 statistical software. The four independent variables considered are: reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration. The response chosen was fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields which were obtained from the reaction. The result from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a satisfactory result. Moreover, the input variables showed greater significance on the response which are reaction time and temperature base on F and P-value. The statistical models developed for predicting biodiesel yield revealed a significant agreement between the experimental and predicted values (R = 0.9686). An optimum methyl ester yield of 93.29 % was achieved with optimal conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 600C, reaction time of 120 min and catalyst concentration of 1.0 wt%. The properties of the biodiesel produced also falls within the range prescribed by ASTM standard

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Optimization and Kinetic Study of Biodiesel Production from Diseased Swine Carcasses

Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy ◽

10.1166/jbmb.2019.1883 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 464-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Youzhou Jiao ◽

Yahe Mei ◽

Le Wang ◽

Jiaao Liu ◽

Zhiping Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Kinetic Analysis ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

3D Ultrasound ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Control Group ◽

Ultrasound Group

The innocuous utilization of diseased swine carcasses is a key issue in reducing environmental pollution and ensuring safety in animal husbandry. In this study, by using fat from diseased swine carcasses as raw materials, response surface experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of reaction time, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and methanol/oil molar ratio on the biodiesel purity and the optimum conditions for biodiesel production were determined. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound assistance was adopted and kinetic analysis was performed. The results show that the influencing factors on biodiesel purity, in descending order, were determined to be reaction temperature > catalyst concentration > reaction time > methanol/oil molar ratio. Moreover, the maximum biodiesel purity was 93.7% under the following optimal conditions: catalyst concentration of 5.0 wt%; reaction temperature of 68 °C; methanol/oil molar ratio of 10:1; reaction time of 37 h. When 3D ultrasound assistance was adopted, the maximum biodiesel purity of 98.1% was obtained for the reaction process of 8 h under the ultrasound power and frequency of 500 W and 20 kHz, respectively. And the esterification reaction time was significantly reduced, compared to without ultrasound assistance. The results of kinetic analysis demonstrate that the reaction rate constants of the ultrasound group were 4.45–5.52 times greater than that of the control group. And the activation energy for the ultrasound group was 25.58 kJ/mol, which is 22.81% lower than that of the control group. This study will help to conduct large-batch biodiesel production from diseased swine carcasses in the future.

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Optimization Of Protocol For Biodiesel Production Of Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum L.) Oil

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology ◽

10.2478/pjct-2013-0013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 74-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Faizan Ullah ◽

Asghari Bano ◽

Saqib Ali

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

H Nmr ◽

Linum Usitatissimum L ◽

Dominant Fatty Acid ◽

American Society

Attempts were made to optimize variables affecting the yield of linseed oil biodiesel in a base catalyzed transesterification reaction. The variables studied were reaction temperature (40-70oC), catalyst (NaOH) concentration (0.1-1.5%) and reaction time (30-180 min). The conversion of linseed oil into methyl esters was confirmed through analytical methods like 1H NMR, gas chromatography (GC) and refractometer. The maximum biodiesel yield (97±1.045% w/w) was obtained at 0.5% catalyst concentration, 65oC temperature, 180 min reaction time and 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil. 1H NMR confirmed the practically obtained % conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters which was further evidenced by refractometer analyses. The refractive index of biodiesel samples was lower than pure linseed oil. GC analysis confirmed the presence of linolenic acid (C18:3) as the dominant fatty acid (68 wt. %) followed by oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and stearic acid (C18:0) respectively. The physical properties of linseed oil biodiesel like specific gravity (0.90 g/cm3) and flash point (177oC) were higher than American Society for Testing and Materials standards (ASTM 6751) for biodiesel. However, kinematic viscosity (3.752 mm2/s) was in the range of ASTM standards.

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Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oils Using Alkaline Catalysts

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.289 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 695 ◽

pp. 289-292

Author(s):

M.M. Zamberi ◽

Farid Nasir Ani ◽

S.N.H. Hassan

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Waste Vegetable Oil ◽

Waste Cooking Oils ◽

Level 3 ◽

Cooking Oils ◽

Full Factorial

The transesterification of waste vegetable oil (WVO) with methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is studied in order to produce biodiesel. All the results were evaluated using central composite design by applying a double 5 level 3 factor full factorial designs. Twenty experiments were replicated under the typical range of parameter conditions coded as x1 for oil molar ratio, x2 as catalyst concentration and x3 for reaction time. The experimental fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) are compared with the predicted FAME using RSM. The optimal predicted FAME production was obtained at 92.60%. It is specified under conditions of molar ratio 4:1 mol/mol, 0.5033 wt% catalyst concentration and reaction time of 60 minutes.

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Biodiesel yield enhancement through optimizing process parameters with assistance of solar energy—Taguchi and response surface methodology application

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1177/09544062211054980 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095440622110549

Author(s):

Yashvir Singh ◽

Avani Kumar Upadhyay ◽

Nishant Kumar Singh ◽

Abhishek Sharma ◽

Amneesh Singla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Solar Energy ◽

Response Surface ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Yield Enhancement ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Jojoba Oil ◽

Contour Plots

In today’s scenario, biodiesel is one of the best alternatives to diesel for application as an eco-friendly product. In this work, jojoba oil is transesterified using solar energy for heating purposes. A solar parabolic trough collector having 6.4 m2 and 89% reflectivity is used to concentrate solar rays on a sealed container containing jojoba oil and catalyst-alcohol mixture, placed at the focus of the dish. The performance parameters like molar ratio (MR), reaction time (RT), and catalyst concentration (CC) are optimized. The result showed the highest yield of 89.67% at the optimum condition of molar ratio 9:1, reaction time 120 min, and catalyst concentration 0.8 wt.%. The highest contribution of 55.13% is measured for the molar ratio, followed by reaction time and catalyst concentration. Later, the interaction between MR, RT, and CC is established by response surface/contour plots; and their effects on biodiesel yield are discussed. Subsequently, the various physicochemical properties of raw jojoba oil and jojoba oil methyl ester are also measured and discussed as per ASTM standards. The unsaturated acid content in the biodiesel is also measured by gas chromatography. Hence, the blends of linseed oil with diesel fuel can be used in the IC engines with little or no modifications in engine parameters. Therefore, the use of solar energy could effectively reduce the use of electricity to cut down the processing cost in biodiesel production. Also, the methods should be established for methanol recovery from glycerine.

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Improvement on the Catalytic Performance Using Dual Lipases System in the Synthesis of Ferulate Esters

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.902 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 754-755 ◽

pp. 902-906

Author(s):

Salina Mat Radzi ◽

Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman ◽

Hanina Mohd Noor ◽

Norlelawati Ariffin

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Novozym 435 ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Reaction Parameters ◽

Ethyl Ferulate ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Reaction Performance ◽

Substrate Molar Ratio

A novel approach of dual lipases system was successfully carried out in improving the synthesis of ferulate esters between ethyl ferulate and olive oil. Combination of Novozym 435 and Lipozyme RMIM were used as biocatalyst to improve the reaction performance. Different reaction parameters (ratio of lipases, reaction time, lipase dosage, substrate molar ratio and reaction temperature) were analyzed systematically. A high conversion of ferulate esters (85%) was obtained after 12 hrs of reaction time at optimal conditions of 1:9 w/w (Novozym 435/Lipozyme RMIM), 80 mg of lipase and 1:4 ethyl ferulate:olive oil at 60 oC.

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