Biodiesel yield enhancement through optimizing process parameters with assistance of solar energy—Taguchi and response surface methodology application

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622110549
Author(s):  
Yashvir Singh ◽  
Avani Kumar Upadhyay ◽  
Nishant Kumar Singh ◽  
Abhishek Sharma ◽  
Amneesh Singla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Jojoba Oil ◽  
Contour Plots

In today’s scenario, biodiesel is one of the best alternatives to diesel for application as an eco-friendly product. In this work, jojoba oil is transesterified using solar energy for heating purposes. A solar parabolic trough collector having 6.4 m2 and 89% reflectivity is used to concentrate solar rays on a sealed container containing jojoba oil and catalyst-alcohol mixture, placed at the focus of the dish. The performance parameters like molar ratio (MR), reaction time (RT), and catalyst concentration (CC) are optimized. The result showed the highest yield of 89.67% at the optimum condition of molar ratio 9:1, reaction time 120 min, and catalyst concentration 0.8 wt.%. The highest contribution of 55.13% is measured for the molar ratio, followed by reaction time and catalyst concentration. Later, the interaction between MR, RT, and CC is established by response surface/contour plots; and their effects on biodiesel yield are discussed. Subsequently, the various physicochemical properties of raw jojoba oil and jojoba oil methyl ester are also measured and discussed as per ASTM standards. The unsaturated acid content in the biodiesel is also measured by gas chromatography. Hence, the blends of linseed oil with diesel fuel can be used in the IC engines with little or no modifications in engine parameters. Therefore, the use of solar energy could effectively reduce the use of electricity to cut down the processing cost in biodiesel production. Also, the methods should be established for methanol recovery from glycerine.

scholarly journals Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production Using Calcium Methoxide Catalyst Assisted with Tetrahydrofuran as Cosolvent

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichaonn Chumuang ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Standard Requirement

The present study was performed to optimize a heterogeneous calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH3)2) catalyzed transesterification process assisted with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a 5-level-4-factor central composite design was applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion. A quadratic model with an analysis of variance obtained from the RSM is suggested for the prediction of FAME conversion and reveals that 99.43% of the observed variation is explained by the model. The optimum conditions obtained from the RSM were 2.83 wt% of catalyst concentration, 11.6 : 1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 100.14 min of reaction time, and 8.65% v/v of THF in methanol concentration. Under these conditions, the properties of the produced biodiesel satisfied the standard requirement. THF as cosolvent successfully decreased the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, and reaction time when compared with biodiesel production without cosolvent. The results are encouraging for the application of Ca(OCH3)2 assisted with THF as a cosolvent for environmentally friendly and sustainable biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Second-Generation Biodiesel Production from Australian Native Stone Fruit Oil Using Response Surface Method

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Anwar ◽  
Mohammad Rasul ◽  
Nanjappa Ashwath ◽  
Md Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Contour Plots

In this study, the production process of second-generation biodiesel from Australian native stone fruit have been optimised using response surface methodology via an alkali catalysed transesterification process. This process optimisation was performed varying three factors, each at three different levels. Methanol: oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration (wt %) and reaction temperature were the input factors in the optimisation process, while biodiesel yield was the key model output. Both 3D surface plots and 2D contour plots were developed using MINITAB 18 to predict optimum biodiesel yield. Gas chromatography (GC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the resulting biodiesel was also done for biodiesel characterisation. To predict biodiesel yield a quadratic model was created and it showed an R2 of 0.98 indicating the satisfactory performance of the model. Maximum biodiesel yield of 95.8% was obtained at a methanol: oil molar ratio of 6:1, KOH catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt % and a reaction temperature of 55 °C. At these reaction conditions, the predicted biodiesel yield was 95.9%. These results demonstrate reliable prediction of the transesterification process by Response surface methodology (RSM). The results also show that the properties of the synthesised Australian native stone fruit biodiesel satisfactorily meet the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. In addition, the fuel properties of Australian native stone fruit biodiesel were found to be similar to those of conventional diesel fuel. Thus, it can be said that Australian native stone fruit seed oil could be used as a potential second-generation biodiesel source as well as an alternative fuel in diesel engines.

scholarly journals Optimization Of Protocol For Biodiesel Production Of Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum L.) Oil

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faizan Ullah ◽  
Asghari Bano ◽  
Saqib Ali
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Dominant Fatty Acid ◽  
American Society

Attempts were made to optimize variables affecting the yield of linseed oil biodiesel in a base catalyzed transesterification reaction. The variables studied were reaction temperature (40-70oC), catalyst (NaOH) concentration (0.1-1.5%) and reaction time (30-180 min). The conversion of linseed oil into methyl esters was confirmed through analytical methods like 1H NMR, gas chromatography (GC) and refractometer. The maximum biodiesel yield (97±1.045% w/w) was obtained at 0.5% catalyst concentration, 65oC temperature, 180 min reaction time and 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil. 1H NMR confirmed the practically obtained % conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters which was further evidenced by refractometer analyses. The refractive index of biodiesel samples was lower than pure linseed oil. GC analysis confirmed the presence of linolenic acid (C18:3) as the dominant fatty acid (68 wt. %) followed by oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and stearic acid (C18:0) respectively. The physical properties of linseed oil biodiesel like specific gravity (0.90 g/cm3) and flash point (177oC) were higher than American Society for Testing and Materials standards (ASTM 6751) for biodiesel. However, kinematic viscosity (3.752 mm2/s) was in the range of ASTM standards.

Optimization of melon oil methyl ester production using response surface methodology

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Aliozo ◽  
L. N. Emembolu ◽  
O. D. Onukwuli
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Central Composite Designs ◽  
American Society

Abstract In this research work, melon oil was used as feedstock for methyl ester production. The research was aimed at optimizing the reaction conditions for methyl ester yield from the oil. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a five level, four variable central composite designs (CCD)was used to optimize and statistically analyze the interaction effect of the process parameter during the biodiesel production processes. A total of 30 experiments were conducted to study the effect of methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst weight, temperature and reaction time. The optimal yield of biodiesel from melon oil was found to be 94.9% under the following reaction conditions: catalyst weight - 0.8%, methanol to oil molar ratio - 6:1, temperature - 55°C and reaction time of 60mins. The quality of methyl ester produced at these conditions was within the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751) specification.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Ca-Doped Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Catalysts for Transesterification

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanat Chokpanyarat ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Supakit Achiwawanich
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
The Novel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hierarchical Porous ◽  
Ordered Macroporous

The novel three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) CaO/SiO2, 3DOM CaO/Al2O3, and 3DOM Ca12Al14O32Cl2 catalysts for biodiesel transesterification were prepared by sol-gel method. The 3DOM catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The hierarchical porous structure was achieved; however, only 3DOM CaO/Al2O3 and 3DOM Ca12Al14O32Cl2 catalysts were used for transesterification due to high amount of active CaO. Various parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and their influence on the biodiesel production were studied. The result showed that 99.0% RPO conversion was achieved using the 3DOM Ca12Al14O33Cl2 as a catalyst under the optimal condition of 12 : 1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 6 wt.% catalyst with reaction time of 3 hours at 65°C.

scholarly journals Turritella terebra Shell Synthesized Calcium Oxide Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Chicken Fat

2020 ◽  
Vol 997 ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Mohd Nurfirdaus Mohiddin ◽  
A.A. Saleh ◽  
Amarnadh N.R. Reddy ◽  
Sinin Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Oxide Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Renewable Source ◽  
Chicken Fat

Heterogeneous catalyst has been viewed as a promising catalyst for biodiesel production. This study employed Turritella terebra (TT) shell as a source for synthesizing heterogeneous CaO catalyst for biodiesel production via transesterification by utilizing chicken fat as a feedstock. The TT shell CaO catalyst was characterized and its catalytic performance was studied. The spectrographic methods that include FTIR, SEM, PSA, and BET-BJH were employed for characterization of the synthesized CaO. The TT shell CaO catalyst optimally produced chicken fat biodiesel (CFB) with reaction parameters at catalyst concentration of 4 wt%, chicken fat to methanol molar ratio of 1:12, reaction temperature of 60°C, and reaction time of 90 min. The optimal yield was 94.03% and the TT shell CaO catalyst still yield 79.19% of CFB on the fifth cycle of reaction. This study has implied that TT shell is a feasible and attractive renewable source of heterogeneous CaO catalyst for biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Free Fatty Acid Removal in Nyamplung Seed Oil (Callophyllum inophylum L.) using Response Surface Methodology Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Haniif Prasetiawan ◽  
Radenrara Dewi Artanti Putri ◽  
Bayu Triwibowo ◽  
Siti Choirunisa Furi Kurnita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction

Nyamplung seed (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a prospective non-edible vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock. However, it cannot be directly used in the alkaline catalysed transesterification reaction since it contains high free fatty acid (FFA) of 19.17%. The FFA content above 2% will cause saponification reaction, reducing the biodiesel yield. In this work, FFA removal was performed using sulfuric acid catalysed esterification to meet the maximum FFA amount of 2%. Experimental work and response surface methodology (RSM) analysis were conducted. The reaction was conducted at the fixed molar ratio of nyamplung seed oil and methanol of 1:30 and the reaction times of 120 minutes. The catalyst concentration and the reaction temperature were varied. The highest reaction conversion was 78.18%, and the FFA concentration was decreased to 4.01% at the temperature of 60℃ and reaction time of 120 minutes. The polynomial model analysis on RSM demonstrated that the quadratic model was the most suitable FFA conversion optimisation. The RSM analysis exhibited the optimum FFA conversion of 78.27% and the FFA content of 4%, attained at the reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 59.09℃, 1.98% g/g nyamplung seed oil, and 119.95 minutes, respectively. Extrapolation using RSM predicted that the targeted FFA content of 2% could be obtained at the temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 58.97℃, 3%, and 194.9 minutes, respectively, with a fixed molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:30. The results disclosed that RSM is an appropriate statistical method for optimising the process variable in the esterification reaction to obtain the targeted value of FFA.

scholarly journals Valorization of Solketal Synthesis from Sustainable Biodiesel Derived Glycerol Using Response Surface Methodology

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1537
Author(s):  
Gayathri Arun ◽  
Muhammad Ayoub ◽  
Zulqarnain Zulqarnain ◽  
Umesh Deshannavar ◽  
Mohd Hizami Mohd Mohd Yusoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Fuel Additive ◽  
Simulation Data ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Biodiesel production has gained considerable importance over the last few decades due to the increase in fossil fuel prices as well as toxic emissions of oxygen and nitrogen. The production of biodiesel via catalytic transesterification produces crude glycerol as a co-product along with biodiesel, amounting to 10% of the total biodiesel produced. Glycerol has a low value in its impure form, and the purification of glycerol requires sophisticated technologies and is an expensive process. The conversion of crude glycerol into value-added chemicals such as solketal is the best way to improve the sustainability of biodiesel synthesis using the transesterification reaction. Therefore, the conversion of crude glycerol into the solketal was investigated in a batch reactor simulation model developed by the Aspen Plus V11.0. The non-random two liquid theory (NRTL) method was used as a thermodynamic property package to study the effect of four input ketalization parameters. The model was validated with the findings of previous experimental studies of solketal synthesis using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The influence of the following operating parameters was investigated: reaction time of 10,000 to 60,000 s, reaction temperature of 303 to 323 K, acetone to glycerol molar ratio of 2:1 to 10:1, and catalyst concentration of 0.005 to 0.03 wt %. The optimum solketal yield of 81.36% was obtained at the optimized conditions of 313 K, 9:1, 0.03 wt %, and 40,000 s. The effect of each input parameter on the ketalization process and interaction between input and output parameters was investigated by using the response surface methodology (RSM) optimizer. The relationship between independent and response variables developed by RSM fit most of the simulation data, which showed the accuracy of the model. A second-order differential equation fit the simulation data well and showed an R2 value of 0.99. According to the findings of RSM, the influence of catalyst amount, acetone to glycerol molar ratio, and reaction time were more significant on solketal yield. The effect of temperature on the performance of the reaction was not found to be significant because of the exothermic nature of the process. The findings of this study showed that biodiesel-derived glycerol can be effectively utilized to produce solketal, which can be used for a wider range of applications such as a fuel additive. However, further work is required to enhance the solketal yield by developing new heterogeneous catalysts so that the industrial implementation of its production can be made possible.

scholarly journals Trans-Esterification Optimization Process for Biodiesel Production from Palm Kernel Oil using Response Surface Methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
T.O. Rabiu ◽  
N.A. Folami ◽  
N.A. Badiru ◽  
N.A. Kinghsley ◽  
B.T. Dare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimization Process ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

The ever-growing concern for the safety of lives and the environment as well as the depletion in fossil fuels reserves across the globe has led to the keen interests of many researchers in the field of renewable energy. This study was therefore undertaken to investigate the trans-esterification optimization process for biodiesel production from palm kernel using response surface methodology. The materials for the trans-esterification processes were palm kernel oil, Methanol and sodium hydroxide. The effects of reaction temperature (oC), catalyst concentration (wt%) and reaction time (min) on the yield were evaluated. The properties of the biodiesel produced showed that it met the ASTM standard for biodiesel. A quadratic polynomial model, Yield (%) = 78.60–3.12A–.62B + 0.00C -0.75AB – 3.50AC + 1.50BC + 2.82A2– 0.18B2 + 1.08C2, was developed that can be used to predict yield of biodiesel at any value of the different parameters investigated. The ANOVA for the model of the biodiesel yield obtained indicates that the models fit well in describing the relationship between the predictor (biodiesel yield) and the factors (methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time). The optimal trans-esterification conditions were found to be 60°C for temperature, 60minutes for reaction time, 0.878w% of oil as Sodium hydroxide (catalyst) concentration and methanol/oil ratio of 1:6. At these optimal conditions, the biodiesel yield was fond to be 89.32% The generated biodiesel had high cetane number, better engine ignitability and poses lesser pollution problems than petroleum diesel.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION OF TRA FAT WITH KOH/y Al2O3 CATALYST USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Huong Thi Thanh Le ◽  
Tan Viet Le ◽  
Tan Minh Phan ◽  
Hoa Thi Viet Tran
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Heterogenous Catalyst ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

In this study, biodiesel was produced from fat of tra catfish by methanolysis reaction with KOH/y-A12O3 heterogenous catalyst. This research was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) based on four-variable central composite design (CCD) with a = 1,54671. The transesterification process variables and their investigated ranges were methanol/fat molar ratio (X1: 7/1 - 9/1), catalyst concentration (X2: 5%-7%), reaction time (X3: 60 min - 120 min), and reaction temperature (X4: 55 °C - 65 °C). The result show the biodiesel yield could be reach up to 92,8 % using the following optimized reaction condition: molar ratio of methanol/fat at 8,26/1, catalyst concentration of 5,79 %, reaction time of 96 min, and reaction temperature at 59,6 °C.

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