Development of Labor Saving Operation Technique by Making Large Scale Paddy Field and Direct Seeding Cultivation of Rice in Tohoku District. Part 1. Problems on Farm Works in the Large Scale Paddy field.

Mali’s population is experiencing lifestyle and dietary changes that are driven in part by urbanisation and income growth. Utilising two large-scale datasets, we bring new empirical evidence regarding whether Malians are shifting toward highly processed foods, meals purchased away from home, and sugary foods. We find that on-farm production represents only 25% of the food consumed by rural households during the hungry season, and 36% after harvest. Processed food shares are greater in urban (60%) than in rural areas (48%), and considerably higher overall than those reported for Eastern and Southern Africa, but with a lower portion of highly processed foods and negligible shares of meals consumed outside the home. Average household dietary diversity scores are higher in urban than in rural areas. Women’s and household diet diversity varies by season in both locations. About half of farm women interviewed did not meet minimum adequate dietary diversity during the lean season.

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The use of feed supplements to reduce livestock greenhouse gas emissions: direct-fed microbials

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production - Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science ◽

10.19103/as.2020.0077.14 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 261-286

Author(s):

Natasha Doyle ◽

◽

Philiswa Mbandlwa ◽

Sinead Leahy ◽

Graeme Attwood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Large Scale ◽

Important Variable ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Feed Supplements ◽

Beneficial Response ◽

On Farm

This chapter aims to outline the strategy of using feed supplements for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in ruminants, including methane (CH4), carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, given that feed intake is an important variable in predicting these emissions. Focus will be given to direct-fed microbials, a term reserved for live microbes which can be supplemented to feed to elicit a beneficial response. The viability of such methods will also be analysed for their use in large scale on-farm operations.

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DEVELOPMENT OF MOVIES AS THE TEACHING TOOL ON THE MOVEMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER IN PADDY FIELDS MANAGED UNDER VARIOUS CULTIVATION METHODS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v76.5951 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 76 (15) ◽

Author(s):

Nakamura Kazumasa ◽

Sakai Miki ◽

Koshiyama Naoko

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Large Scale ◽

Farm Management ◽

Direct Seeding ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Farm Households ◽

Farm Household ◽

Teaching Tool ◽

Cultivation Method ◽

Local Farmers

Hokkaido, the northern most of the four major islands of Japan, is an important rice-producing area. In Hokkaido there are some areas where the numbers of farm households are decreasing and the management scale for one farm household is increasing. In such areas, labor shortage occurs if only the conventional transplant cultivation is used. The necessity for introducing direct-seeding cultivation method has been increasing because by using this method it is possible to save labor. In some of the areas with increasing number of large-scale farm management, the farms employ large lot paddy fields and install underground irrigation facilities, which are useful in direct-seeding cultivation, to improve work efficiency. It is thought that it requires 2 to 3 years for the farmers to learn to effectively use the underground irrigation facilities because use of such facilities is a new experience for many farmers. The authors conducted observation of the groundwater level and depth of ponding in the paddy fields where the above-mentioned improvements were done, and made a movie using the obtained data. The movie is also useful for the authors in understanding the inflow and outflow of the groundwater, which are phenomena occurring underground. At a meeting of local farmers, the authors explained the movement of irrigation water by using this movie. The authors expect that the explanation using the movie will promote the farmers' understanding in effectively using the underground irrigation facilities.

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Nutrition Management and Farm’s Age Affect Saffron Daughter Corms Behavior, Nutrients Uptake and Economic Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency: A Large Scale On-farm Experiment in Torbat Heydarieh, Iran

Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis ◽

10.1080/00103624.2020.1751191 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (9) ◽

pp. 1161-1183

Author(s):

Alireza Koocheki ◽

Seyyed Mohammad Seyyedi

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Fertilizer Use Efficiency ◽

Fertilizer Use ◽

Nutrition Management ◽

Nutrients Uptake ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

On Farm

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Flooding Irrigation Weakens the Molecular Ecological Network Complexity of Soil Microbes during the Process of Dryland-to-Paddy Conversion

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17020561 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 561 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaoxiao Li ◽

Qi Zhang ◽

Jing Ma ◽

Yongjun Yang ◽

Yifei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Paddy Field ◽

Large Scale ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Ecological Network ◽

Dry Land ◽

Soil Microbial Community Structure ◽

Molecular Ecological Network

Irrigation has been applied on a large scale for the improvement of grain yield per hectare and production stability. However, the dryland-to-paddy conversion affects the ecological environment of areas of long-term dry farming, especially soil microorganisms. Little attention has been paid to the changes in microbial communities and the interactions between their populations in this process. Therefore, in this paper, the compositions and diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities were explored through a combination of high-throughput sequencing technology and molecular ecological network methods using bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS. The results showed that: (1) both the abundance and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi decreased in a short time, and the abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Olpidiomycota varied greatly. (2) Compared to dry land, the modular structure of interaction networks and interspecific relationships of bacterial and fungal communities in paddy soil were simpler, and the network became more unstable. A cooperative relationship dominated in the molecular ecological network of bacteria, while a competitive relationship was dominant in the network of fungi. Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant bacterial species in dry land and paddy field, respectively. Ascomycota was dominant in the fungal communities of both dry land and paddy field. (3) The change in soil environmental factors, such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM) and available potassium (AK), directly affected the soil microbial community structure, showing a significant correlation (p < 0.05). These environmental factors also influenced the dominant microbial species. Microorganisms are the most important link in the carbon and nitrogen cycles of soil, and a large-scale dryland-to-paddy conversion may reduce the ecological stability of regional soil.

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