THERMAL CONSTANTS FOR PREIMAGINAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARASITOID CEPHALONOMIA STEPHANODERIS BETREM (HYMENOPTERA: BETHYLEDAE)

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Infante ◽  
Juan H. Luis ◽  
Juan F. Barrera ◽  
Jaime Gomez ◽  
Alfredo Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Hypothenemus Hampei ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Preimaginal Development ◽  
Thermal Constants ◽  
Lower Developmental Threshold ◽  
Cephalonomia Stephanoderis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

AbstractThe relationship between temperature and rate of development is described for Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem, an imported ectoparasitoid of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari).For all stages, development rate increased linearly with temperature between 17 and 32°C. However, at 37°C both eggs and larvae died. When the parasitoid constructed a cocoon, the lower developmental threshold (t) varied from 11.8°C in the eggs to 14.2°C for pupae; when no cocoon was constructed, it varied from 11.8°C for the eggs to 14.3°C for pupae. The lower developmental threshold, from egg to adult, was 13.7°C (with cocoon) and 13.8°C (without cocoon). As these differences were small in relation to the standard errors of the estimates, they were not considered different. Because C. stephanoderis always constructs a cocoon under field conditions, the threshold temperature of 13.7°C seems to be the most suitable.Physiological time expressed in degree-days (DD) for the egg to adult cycle of C. stephanoderis is 252.7 ± 45.3 DD (α = 0.05) when a cocoon is constructed, and 242.5 ± 35.1 DD (α = 0.05) when pupation occurs without construction of a cocoon.

scholarly journals Biological and ecological traits that assist establishment of alien invasive insects

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Peacock ◽  
S.P. Worner
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Phytophagous Insect ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Invasive Insects ◽  
Ecological Attributes ◽  
Lower Developmental Threshold ◽  
Established Species

In this study the biological and ecological traits of two groups of phytophagous insect pests were examined to determine attributes that may influence establishment in New Zealand Biological and ecological attributes of a group of insect species that is established in New Zealand were compared with species that are not currently established It was found that the species established in New Zealand had a significantly wider host plant range than species that have not established The lower developmental threshold temperature was on average 4C lower for established species compared with nonestablished species These data suggest that species that establish well in New Zealand have a wide host range and can tolerate lower temperatures compared with those that have not established

A model of egg production by Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2085-2088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward P. Caswell ◽  
Ivan J. Thomason
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Egg Production Rate ◽  
Sugarbeet Cyst Nematode ◽  
The Relationship

Egg production by the sugarbeet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, infecting sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris, was assessed at temperatures of 13, 18, 24, and 30 °C in constant-temperature tanks. The minimum-threshold temperature for degree-day accumulation relative to egg production was identified as 8 °C. The relationship between cumulative degree-days (DD) (base 8 °C) and egg production was examined. Egg production began between 160 and 270 DD after hatch and reached a maximum between 390 and 480 DD. Observed egg production (Y) across all temperatures was described as a logistic function of degree-days: Y = 202/(1 + 23726 e−0.034 DD) (r2 = 0.84; P < 0.05). The model depicts initiation of egg production at 140 DD, a maximum average egg production of 202 eggs per female reached at approximately 410 DD, and a maximum rate of egg production of 1.7 eggs/DD reached at approximately 290 DD. The accuracy of the model was limited because observed cumulative egg production was confounded by egg hatch. Accordingly, the cumulative egg production data were adjusted for egg hatch. The adjusted cumulative egg production (Y) was described as a logistic function of cumulative degree-days: Y = 420/(1 + 3319 e−0.023 DD) (r2 = 0.98; P < 0.05). The function depicts egg production initiated at approximately 120 DD. Average maximum egg production is 420 eggs per female occurring at approximately 680 DD, with a maximum egg-production rate of 2.4 eggs/DD occurring at approximately 350 DD.

Seasonal Phenology and Developmental Biology of Amorbus obscuricornis (Westwood) and Gelonus tasmanicus (Le Guillou)(Hemiptera : Coreidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Steinbauer
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Active Season ◽  
Copulatory Activity ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Temperature Preferences

Detailed studies of the seasonal phenology and developmental biology of two eucalypt-feeding coreid species,Amorbus obscuricornis and Gelonus tasmanicus, were undertaken over three years in Tasmania. Both species are univoltine, their active season being from spring to autumn, with the adults being the overwintering stage. Adults of A. obscuricornis andG. tasmanicus emerge during spring to feed, mate and oviposit. Periods of peak copulatory activity and gravidity of females in both species correspond to times when the proportion of males to females is slightly male biased. Eggs of A. obscuricornis did not hatch at temperatures below 15˚C while the number of eggs of G. tasmanicus hatching at 13˚C remained high. The minimum developmental threshold temperature and number of degree-days (DD) required for hatching by eggs of A. obscuricornis and G. tasmanicus were estimated to be 11·8 and 10·8˚C and 147 and 136 DD, respectively. Embryonic developmental rates are considered to reflect differences in the evolved temperature preferences of each species. During spring and summer the nymphs develop through five instars to eclose in autumn just before overwintering. Second-instar mortality for both species was high, suggesting that the initiation of feeding may be a crucial developmental stage.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARROT RUST FLY, PSILA ROSAE (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE), RELATIVE TO TEMPERATURE IN THE LABORATORY

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 569-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Psila Rosae ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Threshold Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Constants ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe effect of temperature on development of the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (F.), was determined at constant temperatures in the laboratory. The relationship between rate of development and temperature was essentially linear from 10° to 17.5°C but began to diverge from linearity between 17.5° and 20°C. Estimated threshold temperatures (t) and thermal constants (K) for development of overwintered pupae were 2.3°C and 319 degree-days (dd) for first emergence and 1.8°C and 368 dd for 50% emergence. For laboratory-reared stages, t and K values were 4.1°C and 102 dd for egg hatch, 2.0°C and 642 dd for development from egg to mature larvae, and 3.0°C and 107 dd for pupation. Development in the laboratory from egg (less than 24 h old) to adult was completed in 59, 70, and 81 days at 20°, 17.5°, and 15°C respectively; no threshold or thermal constant was estimated because few or no individuals completed development to adult at 12.5° or 10°C within expected times, presumably because diapause was induced at these temperatures.

BROOD PRODUCTION AND SHOOT FEEDING BY TOMICUS PINIPERDA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 939-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.L. Ryall ◽  
S.M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Tomicus Piniperda ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Brood Production ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Pine Shoot Beetle

AbstractBrood production and shoot feeding by the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), were studied over 3 years in naturally infested plantations of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), near Guelph and Waterloo, Ontario, using trap-logs. Adult beetles produced a single brood in 1996 and 1997 and two broods in 1999. Galleries for the first brood were all initiated under the bark over a 2- to 3-week period from mid-April to early May. The lone second brood occurred in early June. In all years, eggs were present by late April, larvae by mid-May, pupae by late June, and new adults by mid-July. Complete development (egg–pupa) required 12–13 weeks for the first brood and 8 weeks for the second brood. First-brood adults emerged over a 2- to 3-week period from early to mid-July in all years, with second-brood adults emerging in late July. The effective heat sums (degree-days (°d) > developmental-threshold temperature) were 77–79 °d for eggs, 267–293 °d for the larval stage, 139–152 °d for the pupal stage, and 43.2 °d for the pre-emergence stage, depending on the developmental-threshold temperature used. The total heat sums for the first brood (1249.8 ± 73.3 °d > 0 °C) were larger that those required for the second brood (856.4 ± 124 °d > 0 °C). Overall, values for first-brood development were similar to those calculated for European and Asian populations. Pine shoots in the upper tree crowns were used by adult beetles for maturation feeding between late July and late September in both 1995 and 1996. The re-emerging parental adults fed upon 1-year-old shoots, whereas newly emerging adults fed primarily upon current-year shoots. The beetles appeared to move to overwintering sites in late October to November, and no adults were found overwintering in shoots on the trees or the ground. Our results parallel those obtained by others under similar climatic conditions in Europe, and can be used to improve the management and regulation of this species as it becomes established in our native pine forests.

Influence of temperature on the development and reproduction of Cinara cedri (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Lachninae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yingchao Ji ◽  
Guohua Li ◽  
Chenggang Zhou ◽  
Shuyan Yin
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Cedrus Deodara ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Development Duration

Abstract Temperature is one of the main factors affecting insect growth, development and reproduction. The effects of temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C) on the development and reproduction of Cinara cedri Mimeur (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Lachnidae) fed on Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don were evaluated in this study. With the increase of temperature from 10 to 30°C, the development duration at different development stages gradually shortened. There was a significant positive correlation between the developmental rates and temperature, following a quadratic regression model. The lower developmental threshold temperature (C) and effective accumulated temperatures (K) for completing a generation were 4.13°C and 263.4 degree-days, respectively. The highest fecundity was observed at 20°C with 25.74 first-instar nymphs/female. Both the highest intrinsic rate of increase (r, 0.11 ± 0.03) and net reproduction rate (R0, 19.06 ± 2.05) were observed at 20°C, whereas the lowest values of r (0.05 ± 0.01) at 10°C and R0 (5.78 ± 0.88) at 30°C were observed. The results suggest that temperature significantly affects the biology of C. cedri and the optimal temperature for its development is 20°C.

scholarly journals Interactions Between Chill-Hours and Degree-Days Affect Carpogenic Germination in Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Scherm ◽  
A. T. Savelle ◽  
P. L. Pusey
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Carpogenic Germination ◽  
Conditioning Period ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Heating Degree Days ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of cumulative chill-hours (hours with a mean temperature <7.2°C) and heating degree-days (base 7.2°C) to carpogenic germination of pseudosclerotia of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, which causes mummy berry disease of blueberry, was investigated. In two laboratory experiments, pseudosclerotia collected from rabbiteye blueberry in Georgia were conditioned at 5 to 6°C for 26 to 1,378 h prior to placement in conditions favorable for germination and apothecium development. The number of chill-hours accumulated during the conditioning period affected the subsequent proportion of pseudosclerotia that germinated and produced apothecia, with the greatest incidence of carpogenic germination occurring after intermediate levels of chilling (≈700 chill-hours). The minimum chilling requirement for germination and apothecium production was considerably lower than that reported previously for pseudo-sclerotia from highbush blueberry in northern production regions. The rate of carpogenic germination was strongly affected by interactions between the accumulation of chill-hours and degree-days during the conditioning and germination periods; pseudosclerotia exposed to prolonged chilling periods, once transferred to suitable conditions, germinated and produced apothecia more rapidly (after fewer degree-days had accumulated) than those exposed to shorter chilling periods. Thus, pseudosclerotia of M. vaccinii-corymbosi are adapted to germinate carpogenically following cold winters (high chill-hours, low degree-days) as well as warm winters (low chill-hours, high degree-days). Results were validated in a combined field-laboratory experiment in which pseudosclerotia that had received various levels of natural chilling were allowed to germinate in controlled conditions in the laboratory, and in two field experiments in which pseudosclerotia were exposed to natural chilling and germination conditions. A simple model describing the timing of apothecium emergence in relation to cumulative chill-hours and degree-days was developed based on the experiments. The model should be useful for better timing of field scouting programs for apothecia to aid in management of primary infection by M. vaccinii-corymbosi.

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