The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. VII. Effects on Some Beneficial Arthropods

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee ◽  
K. H. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Arthropod Pests

The toxicities of a large number of spray chemicals to arthropod pests are well known. In most instances, observations on the effects of such materials on natural enemies have beeen incidental to other studies, and little has been published on experiments designed to determine the direct toxicities of the chemicals to beneficial species. The effects of spray chemicals on the predators and parasites of the major pests of apple trees in Nova Scotia have been investigated as part of a broader project on the factors that influence population densities of orchard arthropods, as outlined by Pickett et al. (31).

POPULATIONS OF SOME MAJOR PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES ON YOUNG AND SEMIDWARF APPLE TREES IN NOVA SCOTIA

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. MacLellan
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Standard Size

AbstractThe population densities of several major apple pests and their natural enemies were studied in an insecticide-free young bearing orchard and in an older orchard of semidwarf trees on an integrated control program. In mature orchards of standard size trees, greater natural mortality occurs than that reported in this study. Over a 5-year period most pests, with notable exceptions, increased rapidly under insecticide-free conditions whereas occasional numerical surges of certain pest species occurred under the mild insecticide program. Insect damage on fruit at harvest averaged 24% in the insecticide-free orchard and 8% in the integrated control orchard which had 2.4 times more harvested fruit.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Flower and Grass Strips for Augmentation of Beneficial Arthropods in Apple Orchards

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoke Dong ◽  
Mengjing Xia ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Baofeng Mu ◽  
Zhiyong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alternative Prey ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Arthropod Predators

Sowing plants that provide food resources in orchards is a potential habitat management practice for enhancing biological control. Flowering plants (providing pollen and nectar) and grasses (providing alternative prey) can benefit natural enemies in orchards; however, little is known about their relative importance. We studied the effect of management practices (flower strips, grass strips, and spontaneous grass) on arthropod predators under organic apple management regimes in apple orchards in Beijing, China. Orchards located at two different sites were assessed for 3 years (2017–2019). The cover crops had a significant impact on the abundance and diversity of arthropod predators. The grass treatment consistently supported significantly greater densities of alternative prey resources for predators, and predators were more abundant in the grass than in the other treatments. The Shannon–Wiener diversity was significantly higher for the cover crop treatment than for the control. Community structure was somewhat similar between the grass and control, but it differed between the flower treatment and grass/control. Weak evidence for an increase in mobile predators (ladybirds and lacewings) in the orchard canopy was found. Ladybirds and lacewings were more abundant in the grass treatment than in the other treatments in 2019 only, while the aphid abundance in the grass treatment was lowest. The fact that grass strips promoted higher predator abundance and stronger aphid suppression in comparison to the flower strips suggests that providing alternative prey for predators has great biocontrol service potential. The selection of cover crops and necessary management for conserving natural enemies in orchards are discussed in this paper.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XII. Second Supplement to VII. Effects on Beneficial Arthropods

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 671-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee ◽  
K. H. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Typhlodromus Pyri ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lime Sulphur

The design of orchard pest control programs that favor natural enemies is based partly on a knowledge of the toxicity of spray chemicals to beneficial arthropods. This paper summarizes the results of tests conducted during the past five years to determine toxicities, and it includes some previously published data (MacPhee and Sanford 1954 and 1956). Tests were discontinued after 1955 on the species Stethorus punctum (Lec.), Euderus spp., Scambus spp., and Trichograma minutum Riley and on the chemical formulations Aramite, Chlorocide, Erad, fixed nicotine, lime sulphur, Puratized Agricultural Spray, summer oil, and synthetic cryolite. Tests were initiated on the phytoseiids Typhlodromus finlandicus (Oudms.) and T. rhenanus (Oudms.), and the mirid Psallus sp., and also on the pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner preparation, demeton, Diazinon, dodine, Kelthane, Kepone, Rhothane, Sevin, Tedion, Trithion and zineb. Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten was previously reported as T. tiliae (Oudms.), a synonym, and Atractotomus mali (Meyer) is an authoritative identification of the species previously listed as Criocoris saliens (Reuter).

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. VIII. Natural Enemies of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Stultz
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Orchard Pests

The eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), has a long history as a pest in Nova Scotia apple orchards, serious damage by it being reported as early as 1891 (Fletcher, 1892). Its status has fluctuated considerably, the most notable outbreak reaching its peak in 1927. This outbreak occurred when dusts were being used for the control of orchard pests, and (Kelsall 1932) was one of the two main reasons for abandoning the general use of dusts after 1927. The bud moth declined rapidly after 1927 and by 1931 was rated a minor pest (Gilliatt, 1932a). After flutuating at relatively low levels for seven years, it increased in importance and by 1942 was again a major pest. From 1942 to 1952, there was little change in its general status although large fluctuations in population were observed in orchards in which certain insecticides had been used (Stultz, 1950). During 1953, there was a marked decline in the average population level although reductions did not occur in all orchards.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. X. Supplement to VII. Effects on Some Beneficial Arthropods

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 631-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee ◽  
K. H. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Biotic Control

The toxic effects of a number of orchard spray chemicals on predators and parasites were given in an earlier paper (MacPhee and Sanford, 1951), which presented results obtained before 1953 and gave a list of biotic control agents, their hosts, and periods of activity. It also gave a review of the literature, showing in tabular form the effects of orchard pesticides on beneficial species.

Influence of Typhlodromus (T.) pyri Scheuten on the Development of Bryobia arborea M. & A. Populations in the Greenhouse

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 870-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Predacious Mites ◽  
Apple Trees

The brown mite, Bryobia arborea M. and A., is a widely distributed phytophagous pest of apple trees in Nova Scotia. Many predators have been observed feeding on this pest, particularly the predacious mites of the sub-family Phytoseiinae. It is difficult to assess the influence of these predators on brown mite in the field because fungicides, which are necessary in the commercial production of apples in Nova Scotia, often disrupt the relationships. Furthermore, other species of predators and prey usually found in apple orchards obscure the influence of phytoseiids on brown mite.

Note on Population Densities of Spiders (Araneae) in Nova Scotia Apple Orchards

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Dondale
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Sampling Device ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
A Minor

Chant (1956) has shown that spiders are common predators in apple orchards in southeast England. Dondale (1956) listed the species of spiders found in Nova Scotia orchards. This is a note on population densities in the latter orchards from 1953 to 1956.The sampling device used in this study was a cloth-covered, yard-square tray (Lord, 1956), supplemented in a minor way by a collecting umbrella. Each tray or umbrella collection represented the spiders jarred from the lower branches of a single tree, or from the lower branches of half of each of two trees.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XIII. Effects of Perthane on Predators

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 928-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
F. T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Ecological Principles ◽  
Apple Pests

In Nova Scotia, a spray program that integrates chemical and natural control of apple pests has been evolved which is both economical and satisfactory. Among the natural enemies of injurious arthropods that have been favoured by this program are a number of general predators. Further investigation of the ecological principles on which integration is based requires a more intensive knowledge of the factors that influence the densities of these predators. Because of the difficulties of investigating these factors in the orchard, methods of simplifying the predator-prey systems have been sought (Lord, 1956, 1962). These attempts assessed the effects of low dosages of DDT on the interrelationships of phytophagous mites and their natural enemies.

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